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DR.

KHIN MYO THU


Faculty Perubatan
UiTM

Introduction to Anatomy

Anatomy is a branch of Biological Science that deals


with the study of structure
The term Anatomy is derived from Greek and
means to cut up (that is, to dissect).
Now the study of Anatomy is not entirely based
on dissections
Modern methods include Radiological Anatomy,
study of structure by CT-SCAN, MRI, and
ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Introduction to Anatomy
Human Anatomy can be studied in two different
ways:

A. Systemic Anatomy

B. Regional Anatomy

A: SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

Study of structure of a system is Systemic Anatomy.


Various tissues combine in varying proportions to form
different organs and other structures of the human body.
Organs and other structures of the body can be classified
according to their functions into a number of groups or
systems as enumerated below.

A: SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

1. Skeletal System (or Osteology) : includes the study of


bones and cartilages which form the Human Skeleton
2. Syndesmology, Arthrology or Articular System: includes
the study of joints.
3. Myology or Muscular System: is the study of muscles.
4. Angiology or Cardiovascular system: includes the study
of:
(a) Blood vascular system consisting of Heart and Blood
vessels through which the blood circulates
(b) Lymphatic System consisting of lymph nodes and
lymph vessels through which the lymph circulates

A: SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

5. Respiratory System: includes the organs of respiration


such as nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi and
lungs
6. Digestive System: includes the organs involved in the
ingestion, digestion, and excretion of undigested food
7. Urogenital, System: includes:
(a) Urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
and urethra)
(b) Genital system: includes male and female
reproductive organs

A: SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

8. Neurology or Nervous System: includes the study of :


(a) Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal cord)
(b) Peripheral Nervous System ( 12 pairs of cranial
nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and Autonomic
nerves)
9. Endocrinology: is the study of structures called
ductless glands which secrete hormones (Thyroid
gland, Parathyroid glands, Pituitary glands, Islets of
Langerhans, Supra-renal glands, Endocrine parts of
Gonads etc.)

(B): REGIONAL ANATOMY


This is the type of study in which the structures of the body
are studied as they lie in relation with one another in
different regions of the body.
In this type of study, the human body is divided into the
following regions:

1. Head

2. Neck

3.Thorax

4. Abdomen & Pelvis

5. Upper Limbs

6. Lower Limbs

BRANCHES OF HUMAN ANATOMY:

1. Gross Anatomy: is the study of structures that are


visible to the naked eyes. In this type of study,
observations are made by dissecting the dead human
bodies or cadavers
2. Microscopic Anatomy or Histology: is the study of
minute structure of the body with the help of
microscope.
*Microscopes are of two basic types:
Light & Electron.
Light microscopes use a beam of light
Electron microscope use a beam of electron

Light Microscopes

Transmission electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope

Microscopy
Human red blood cells
seen under (a) light
microscope
(b) & ( c) under electron
microscope

BRANCHES OF HUMAN ANATOMY:

3. Embryology:is the study of human organism from the


fertilization of the ovum to the birth of the individual.
Thus Embryology deals with the pre-natal
development
The term Developmental Anatomy is used to
include both pre-natal and post-natal developments

4. Surface Anatomy: is the identification and study of


those structures which are susceptible of examination
through the skin

BRANCHES OF HUMAN ANATOMY:

5. Radiological Anatomy: is the study of structures of


the body by using X rays
*Computed Tomography (CT; also called
Computerized Axial Tomography-CAT SCAN)
*Ultrasonography (or Sonography) makes use of
high frequency sound waves instead of X rays.
*Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses a powerful
magnetic field instead of X rays

Computed AxialTomography
(CAT SCAN)

Computer assisted radiography

In this method xray beam traces


an arc at multiple angles around
a section of the body, and
transverse section of this is
reproduced on video monitor
It visualizes the soft tissues and
organs with much more details

Ultrasonography

BRANCHES OF HUMAN ANATOMY:

6. Comparative Anatomy: is the study of Anatomy


of other animals.

7. Applied Anatomy (Clinical Anatomy): is the


direct application of facts of Human Anatomy in
the understanding of Medicine and Surgery

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