DSL Training

Orientation Seminar on Causes and/or
Possible Causes of Systems Loss and

other related topics
September 30, 2013

Technical Forum
Joseph M. Yanga
Leadership Lessons
from the Art of War
A. Strategy
Tzu wrote, "Those skilled in war
subdue the enemy's army without

battle. They conquer by strategy.
B. Knowledge
Tzu wrote, "Know the enemy and
know yourself; in a hundred
battles you will never be in peril.
When you are ignorant of the
enemy, but know yourself, your
chances of winning or losing are
equal. If ignorant both of your
enemy and yourself, you are
certain in every battle to be in
peril."
Leadership Lessons
from the Art of War
C. Preparation
Tzu wrote, "To not prepare is the
greatest of crimes; to be prepared
beforehand for any contingency is
the greatest of virtues."
D. Speed
Tzu wrote, "What is of the greatest
importance in war is extraordinary
speed: One cannot afford to
neglect opportunity."
Leadership Lessons
from the Art of War
E. Example
Tzu wrote, "The general
must be first in the toils and
fatigues of the army. In the
heat of summer he does not
spread his parasol, nor in
the cold of winter don thick
clothing ... . He waits until
the army's wells have been
dug and only then drinks;
until the army's food is
cooked before he eats...
Leadership Lessons
from the Art of War
F. Delegation
"A
sovereign
of
high
character and intelligence
must be able to know the
right man, should place the
responsibility on him, and
expect results,"
Execution
is
the
great
unaddressed
issue
in
the
business world today. Its absence
is the single biggest obstacle to
success and the cause of most of
the disappointments that are
mistakenly attributed to other
causes. Ram Charan, author of What the CEO
Wants You to Know and Boards that Work.
The heart of execution lies in

the three core processes: the
people process, the strategy
process, and the operations
process.
Models of
Leadership
1.Authoritarian
2.Democratic
3.Laissez - faire
SOCOTECO IIs: Distribution

System Losses & Reduction
Program
Technical Forum
September 30, 2013
Joseph M. Yanga
Discover the power behind one of

Philippines most competitive region in
Mindanao.
THE CREATION OF D:U
1969
The Philippine Government
declared a national policy
objective for the total
electrification of the country.
Presidential Decree 269

A decree executed by
former Pres. F. Marcos
with the primary concern of
the organization and
registration of the electric
cooperatives all throughout
the Philippines.
What is SOCOTECO II ?
It
is
an
Electric
Cooperative
registered and organized under

P.D.
269
Electrification
(Total
Rural
Program
of
the
Philippines) on May 7, 1977 as

the
84th
among
electric
the
119
cooperative
registered
SOCOTECO II is..
1. NON-STOCK
2. NON-PROFIT
3. SERVICEORIENTED
4. MEMBER-OWNED
5. PRIVATE ENTITY
VISION
Reliable and affordable
electric service
MISSION
To provide best SERVICE to
our customers.
VALUES STATEMENT
Our actions towards our customers and other stakeholders
shall be guided by the following core principles:
1.
Honesty
- telling the truth
2.
Respect for individual

-recognize worth of
other person
3.
Concern for others

other
-taking care of each
4.
Working together
-helping each other
5.
God-Centered
teaching
-observing Gods
ILLUSTRATION
GENCO
NGCP
SOC2
Primary line
11/25/15
coteco II: Franchise Area

6,088
Tu p i
6,165
Malungon
Polomolok
17,260
3,229
5,283
Alabel
General Santos City
Maitum
3,300
72,723
4,929
Malapatan
Kiamba
Maasim
3,064
: # of Customers was based on January 2013 Billing Data
5,808
Glan
Energy (kWhr) Sold Per Area

Polomolok
; 9%
Tupi
; 2%
Alabel
; 4%
Malapatan
Malungon
; 1%
; 2%
Glan
Kiamba
Gensan City; 76%
; 2%
; 2%
Maasim
; 1%
Maitum
; 1%
e: January 2013 Billing Data ENERGY SOLD 54,954,820 KWhr
Source: SOCOTECO II
Power Demand (MW)Per Municipality

Polomolok
Gensan City 85.62
19.30
Tupi
3.63
Alabel
4.93
Malapatan
1.00
Malungon
5.85
Glan
2.23
Kiamba
1.85
Maasim
1.19
Maitum
1.35
te: January 2013 Billing Data 126,943 MW Non Coincident Peak
Source: SOCOTECO II
OCOTECO II Historical Data:

SOCOTECO II Historical Data and Growth Rate
Count
Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Energy
(kWhr)
Coincide
Non
nt Peak Coincident
(MW)
Peak (MW)
425,412,0
00
453,361,5
34
488,425,3
25
497,715,8
08
510,856,0
32
540,193,1
66
562,360,6
48
593,326,2
15
597,581,2
95
Average Energy
Growth Rate
(2002 to 2012)
4.473%
Average Energy
Growth Rate
(2010 to 2012)
4.830%
Average
Demand
Coincident Peak
Growth Rate
(2008 to 2012)
91
102
96
106
107
112
4.888%
SOCOTECO II: Contract for the Supply of

Electric Energy
2013 SOCOTECO II Equivalent Demand and

Contracted Energy
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Demand (MW)
Energy (kWh)
60.788
52.423
54.932
48.871
45.516
39.125
42.211
54.988
54.646
49.509
56.046
60.328
37,580,750
32,455,080
30,361,854
30,361,854
27,201,201
24,297,766
25,235,614
34,239,656
33,983,148
29,677,650
34,716,427
36,369,531
MINDANAO GRID Against SOCOTECO II Demand

Growth 2012 to 2030
Load forecast of Mindanao Grid and
SOCOTECO II (2012 - 2030)
Year
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Mindanao Grid
SOCOTECO II
Peak
Annual
Peak Annual
Demand
Energy Deman Energy
(MW)
(MWh) d (MW) (MWh)
1,549
9,079,716 109 688,430
1,620
9,495,894 118 745,120
1,692
9,917,934 122 771,412
10,369,28
1,769
2
130 818,280
10,855,80
1,852
0
138 867,293
11,383,35
1,942
0
146 918,337
11,905,03
2,013
8
154 971,293
12,456,03
1,026,04
2,125
4
163
7
13,030,47
1,082,48
2,223
7
172
0
13,634,22
1,140,47
2,326
8
181
7
14,267,28
1,199,92
2,434
8
190
1
14,923,79
1,260,69
SOCOTECO II Peak Demand (MW)

300
250
200
150
100
50
SOCOTECO II Peak Demand (MW)
SOCOTECO II: Growth Rate =

4.944%
Mindanao: Growth Rate =
4.373%
Background:
SOCOTECO II May 2013 Coincidental Peak
119 MW
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
NPC Supply
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
NPC Supply for May SOCOTECO II Peak Demand for May

140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Mapalad (20 MW)
Therma Marine (30 MW)

NPC Supply (39 MW)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
NPC Supply for May Therma marine
Mapalad
SOCOTECO II Peak Demand for May

140,000
How to fill this Gap
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Mapalad (20 MW)

NPC Supply (39 MW)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
NPC Supply for May Therma marine
Mapalad
Fill in the Supply GAP Immediately:
NSTALL MODULAR GENSETS
SOCOTECO II September 2013 Coincidental Peak

140,000
120,000
Mapalad (30 MW)
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
NPC Supply (54.6 MW)
20,000
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
NPC Supply for May
Therma marine
Mapalad
Year
SOCOTECO II Baseload & Intermediate Load Supply Plan

Secured
Forecasted
SEC & Other
Forcasted
Forcasted
Total
Supply
NPC
Plant
Surplus /
Contract
Baseload
Intermediate Requirement
Allocation
Allocation
(Deficit)
as
of
68
14
82
62
-20
Septembe
74
15
89
52
-37
76
16
92
52
-40
r 2013
2012
2013
2014
2015
81
17
2016
80
17
2017
84
18
Year
2022
2018
87
18
2019
91Additiona
19
2020
95 l 25 MW 20
2021
98
supply 21
2022
102
21
2023
106
22
2024
110
23
Year 2027
2025
114
24
Additiona
2026
119
25
2027 l 40 MW
123
26
2028
127
27
supply
2029
132
28
2030
136
29
2031
141
30
2032
146
31
Year
20332035
151
32
2034
156
33
Additiona
2035
161
34
l 50 MW
2036
166
35
supply
2037
171
36
2038
176
37
2039
2040
182
187
38
39
98
97
102
105
110
115
119
123
128
133
138
144
149
154
160
165
171
177
183
189
195
201
207
213
52
52
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
70
85
85
85
85
85
85
110
110
110
110
110
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
24
40
25
22
17
12
8
29
24
19
14
8
43
38
32
27
21
15
9
3
47
41
35
29
220
226
42
42
200
200
22
16
Peaking Power Requirement

Yea Forecasted
r
Peak
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
201
6
201
7
201
8
201
9
202
0
202
27
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
TO BE CONTRACTED
Yea Forecasted
to TMI, MPC and
r
Peak
Other Sources
202
47
7
59
202
66
8
62
202
70
9
65
203
8
0
67
203
0
1
70
203
11
2
72
203
16
3
75
203
23
4
78
203
30
5
80
203
TO BE CONTRACTED
to TMI or Other
Sources
16
24
33
40
49
57
66
75
33
COINCIDENTAL & NONCOINCIDENTAL PEAK

CP - NCP Chart
150.00
100.00
Demand MW
50.00
0.00
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
CP
NCP
Annual Energy Purchased & Sold

800,000,000
688,429,708
700,000,000
Annual Growth Rate = 5.48%
600,000,000
500,000,000
400,000,000
KWhr
300,000,000
200,000,000
100,000,000
-
Energy
Purchased
Energy Sold
Systems Loss
Annual Growth
% Systems Loss
AGR (1996 2012) =
Rate
- 2.66%
% Systems Loss AGR (2008 2012) =
- 4.707%
year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Purchased
Sold
Energy
Loss
% Loss
1996
263,627,32
18.55%
214,730,836 48,896,484
0
1997
310,582,00
18.65%
252,652,856 57,929,146
2
1998
342,396,58
20.57%
271,964,371 70,432,211
2
1999
356,848,23
18.50%
290,835,619 66,012,620
9
2000
377,844,11
17.42%
312,008,225 65,835,890
5
2001
407,238,60
17.06%
337,761,608 69,476,994
2
2002
425,412,00
17.80%
349,672,104 75,739,896
0
2003
453,361,53
15.53%
382,943,317 70,418,217
4
2004
488,425,32
13.95%
420,268,100 68,157,225
5
2005
497,715,80
14.97%
423,232,480 74,483,328
8
Energy Loss AGR (1996 2012) =

10
2.67%
Energy
Loss AGR (2008 2012)14.32%
=
2006 510,856,03
11
437,684,731 73,171,301
2
-0.773%
System Energy Losses

System Losses = Energy purchased
Energy sold
As % of Energy purchased:
System losses
Energy purchased
*Measure of system efficiency and lost revenue
Components of Distribution System Losses

Based on the Philippine Distribution Code
(PDC), system losses shall be segregated into
the following components:
a. Technical Loss;
b. Non-Technical Loss; and
c. Administrative Loss.

Technical Losses
The component that is inherent in the electrical
equipment, devices and conductors used in the physical
delivery of electric energy. It includes the load and noload losses in:
a. Sub-transmission lines and substation transformers;
b. Primary distribution lines and distribution transformers;
c. Secondary distribution lines and service drops;
d. Voltage regulators;
e. Capacitors and reactors; and
f. All other electrical equipment necessary for the operation
of the distribution system.

Non-Technical Losses
The component that is not related to the physical
characteristics and functions of the electrical system,
and is caused primarily by human error, whether
intentional or not.
Includes the electric energy lost due to pilferage,
tampering of meters and erroneous meter reading.
Errors that are attributable to inaccuracies in the
metering equipment.
Total Distribution System Losses

Energy Delivered
to the Distribution
System
Energy
Delivered to
Users
Total Distribution
System Losses
Administrativ
+
e Loss
Non-Technical
Loss
Bundled Technical & Non-Technical
Losses
Technical Loss
Total Distribution System Losses

Total DSL = Energy Input - Energy Output
Total DSL
= [Energy delivered by the Transmission System]
+ [Energy delivered by Embedded Generating Plants]
+ [Energy delivered by Other Distribution Systems]
+ [Energy delivered by User Systems with Generating
Units]
- [Energy delivered to the Users of the Distribution
System]
Administrative Losses
The actual (i.e. metered) electric energy
consumed by essential loads in the facilities of the
Distribution Utility
Administrative Loss =
= [Energy Consumed by Distribution Substations]
+ [Energy Consumed by Offices of the DU]
+ [Energy Consumed by Warehouses and Workshops]
Unbundling the Technical and

Non-Technical Loss
Technical
Losses
Non-Technical
Losses
Technical
Losses
Residual after
subtracting
Administrative &
Technical Losses
from the Total
Distribution
System Losses
Non-Technical
Losses
Shall be
quantified
through 3Phase
(Unbalanced)
Load Flow
Simulations

Non-Technical Loss
Technical Loss
=
[Hourly Load and No-Load (or Fixed)

Losses in all electrical equipment,
devices and conductors]
a)Sub-transmission Lines
g) Voltage Regulators
b)Substation Power
h) Capacitors
Transformers
i) Reactors
c)Primary Distribution Lines j) Other electrical
d)Distribution Transformers
equipment
Hourly Load Flow
e)Secondary Distribution
Simulations
Lines
f)Service
Drops
Plus
Calculated Metering Equipment Loss

Non-Technical Loss
Primary Distribution Lines
(Main Feeder)
Subtransmission
Lines
Substation
Transformer
Three-Phase Unbalanced
Load Flow Simulations
a)Sub-transmission Lines
b)Substation Power
Transformers
c)Primary DistributionDistribution
Lines
Transformer
d)Distribution Transformers
e)Secondary Distribution
Lines
f)Service Drops
g)Voltage Regulators
h)Capacitors
i) Reactors
j) Other electrical equipment
Primary Distribution
Lines (Laterals)
Misc Loads
Secondary Distribution Lines

Service
Drop
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Load Losses and

No-Load (Fixed) Losses

Non-Technical Loss
Calculation of Metering Equipment
Potential Transformer Loss

= Power Loss in PT (kW) x Number of PT x Number of
Operating Hours in the Billing Period
Current Transformer Loss
= Power Loss in CT (kW) x Number of CT x Number of
Operating Hours in the Billing Period
Electric Meter Potential Coil Loss
= Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number
of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the
Billing Period
Electric Meter Current Coil Loss
= Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number
of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the
Hours = No. of days x 24 hours
BillingOperating
Period
SAIDI

Non-Technical Loss
Non-Technical Loss
= Total Distribution System Losses
- Administrative Loss
- Technical Loss
- Recovered Losses
Note: Losses recovered from anti-pilferage
activities are subtracted from the total
distribution system losses.
DSL Segregator
Distribution
System Loss
Segregation
Program
Distribution
System Data
Customer Energy
Bill
Segregated
Technical
Loss
(3-phase Load Flow)(Billing Period)
Distribution
Reliability
Assessment
Metering Equipment
Inventory
Metering
Equipment
Loss
DSL Segregator
DSL Segregator
Distribution System Loss Segregation Analysis
Program
Output
Monthly kWhr Loss per
Type of Equipment
Monthly kWhr Loss per
Voltage Class
% Loss based on Total
Technical Loss
% Loss based on Total
Energy Input
SOCOTECO II Segregated SL
DSL Segregation
SOCOTECO II: ADJUSTED SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSS YEAR 2012
Energy Input
(kWh)
Energy
Output
(kWh)
January
54,908,946
47,155,011
7,753,935
14.1214%
February
54,304,371
46,846,994
7,457,377
13.7326%
March
52,756,734
45,472,944
7,283,790
13.8064%
April
54,759,528
46,360,583
8,398,945
15.3379%
May
55,284,009
47,758,155
7,525,854
13.6131%
June
57,559,068
49,894,684
7,664,384
13.3157%
July
56,050,300
48,789,509
7,260,791
12.9541%
August
Septemb
er
59,219,600
51,595,332
7,624,268
12.8746%
59,808,489
55,416,824
4,391,665
7.3429%
October
Novemb
er
Decemb
er
60,447,480
56,330,209
4,117,271
6.8113%
61,701,625
56,272,185
5,429,440
8.7995%
5.9860%
11.4168%
#DIV/0!
2012
Annual
61,629,558
Total DSL
57,940,433
3,689,125
609,832,8
688,429,708
63
78,596,845
Administrative Loss Technical Loss

2,795,78
7
2,855,13
7
2,818,26
1
2,893,28
9
2,950,97
0
2,770,36
2
2,772,75
9
2,802,48
3
2,817,41
4
2,896,87
5
3,004,04
0
2,941,82
1
34,319,
199
NonTech Loss
5.0917
%
4,958,148
9.0298%
5.2577
%
4,602,240
8.4749%
5.3420
%
4,465,529
8.4644%
5.2836
%
5,505,656 10.0542%
5.3378
%
4,574,884
8.2752%
4.8131
%
4,894,022
8.5026%
4.9469
%
4,488,032
8.0072%
4.7324
%
4,821,785
8.1422%
4.7107
%
1,574,251
2.6322%
4.7924
%
1,220,396
2.0189%
4.8687
%
2,425,400
3.9309%
4.7734
%
747,304
1.2126%
4.995
9% 44,277,646 6.5621%
Lessons Learned
Importance of Data Gathering, Encoding, Maintenance

techniques in data gathering, encoding, correction and
maintenance are being developed as we go along
importance of the utilization of the data gathered were realized
especially in the analysis of the distribution system
improved understanding of the distribution system
The Segregation of Distribution System Loss should not

only be taken as a regulatory requirement but also as an
opportunity to further improve the DX system.
Data requirements may be difficult at the beginning but

the expected output will bring positive results.
1.
TECHNICAL LOSS Reasons and

Lengthy Distribution
Feeders
Remedies
2. Inadequate Size of Conductors

3. Distribution Transformer not located at load center
on the secondary distribution system
4. Over-rated distribution Transformer and hence
their under-utilization
5. Low
Voltage
Appearing
at
(less
than
transformer
declared
and
voltage)
consumers
Terminals
6. Lower Power Factor
7. Bad Workmanship Resulting in Poor contacts at
TECHNICAL LOSS Reasons and Remedies
1. Lengthy Distribution Feeders
Conductor Economic Load

Reach
TYPICAL CONDUCTOR TECHNO
- ECONOMIC LOAD REACH
LINE TYPE
#4-2 1P
#2-1/0 1P
#1/0 - 4 3P
#4 - 2 3P
-67,947
-82,662
-63,427
-360,718
X
0.0000000000
090
0.0000000000
095
0.0000000000
041
0.0000000000
020
0.0000000000
062
X2
XMINIMUM MAXIMUM
INTERCEP
LOAD
LOAD
T
ECONO
MIC
LOAD
REACH
2.0359
183
14.37
183
243
14.39
243
308
14.62
308
841
10.99
183
1.3948
243
0.6668
308
0.5095
841
Average Load Reach = 12.67
#2-1/0 3P
-302,085
0.2327
841
1,139
11.68
. Lengthy Distribution Feeders
Summary of Conductor Economics
25,000,000
24,000,000
23,000,000
22,000,000
21,000,000
20,000,000
19,000,000
18,000,000
17,000,000
16,000,000
15,000,000
14,000,000
13,000,000
12,000,000
11,000,000
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
PW Cost
200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 3400 3800 4200 4600 5000 5400 5800 6200 6600 7000 7400 7800 8200 8600 9000
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 6400 6800 7200 7600 8000 8400 8800
#4 3P
795 3P
#2 3P
#4 1P
#1/0 3P
#2 1P
#2/0 3P
#1/0 1P
Peak
KW
#3/0 3P
#4/0 3P
336 3P
556 3P
onductor Load Reach Base on Economics
Power Quality Performance

Simulated Minimum Voltage at Base Year
1.0000
0.9800
0.9600
0.9400
0.9200
0.9000
Per Unit Value
202 Volts
0.8800
200 Volts
0.8600
197.8 Volts
197.8 Volts
0.8400
0.8200
184 Volts
0.8000
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 6-1 6-2 6-3 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 8-1 8-2 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-411-111-212-112-212-312-412-513-113-2
Feeder Name
as with Power quality Problem
Problem Solving
At peak load, phase-ampere readings, taken
on a one-mile, three-phase, 2/0 ACSR
distribution line, are: Phase A, 40 A; Phase
B, 130 A; and Phase C, 100 A. Use a
phase conductor resistance of 0.706
ohms and a ground return resistance of
0.234 ohms. Assume (for simplification)
that most of the load is beyond this mile of
line. What will be our Neutral current?
What loss savings will result if the load
is balanced at 90 amperes on each
phase?
2.Inadequate size of Conductor

B. Technical Performance Standards
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
g. Max. Load Reach

@ 13.2 KV,
No. 2/0 ACSR
One Feeder
- 8 kms.
Two Feeders
- 15 kms.
Three Feeders - 24 kms.
Four Feeders - 30 kms.
5 MVA
Two Feeders
Three Feeders Four Feeders -
8 kms.
11 kms.
15 kms.
15 MVA
Two Feeders
Three Feeders Four Feeders -
5 kms.
8 kms.
10 kms.
20 MVA
Three Feeders
Four Feeders
Five Feeders
Six Feeders
10 MVA
No Provision
No Provision
- 4.5 kms.
- 5.9 kms.
- 7.4 kms.
9 kms.

PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line
Manual / Engg
Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
h. Max. Load reach

@ 13.2 KV, 4/0
ACSR
10 MVA
Two Feeders - 8.8 kms.

Three Feeders - 13.2 kms.
Four Feeders - 18 kms.
15 MVA

Four Feeders - 11.7 kms.
20 MVA
Two Feeders Three Feeders Four Feeders -
4.4 kms.
6.6 kms.
8.7 kms.
i. Max. Load reach

@ 13.2 KV, 336.4
mcm
10 MVA

15 MVA

3. Distribution Transformer not located

at
load
center
distribution system
on
the
secondary
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
j. Max. Load reach @

230V, 4 ACSR
3.75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
127 m
254 m
381 m
508 m
5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 95 m
- 190 m
- 286 m
- 381 m
10 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 48 m
- 95 m
- 143 m
- 190 m
15 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 32 m
- 63 m
- 95 m
- 127 m
25 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
19 m
38 m
57 m
76 m
37.5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
13 m
25 m
38 m
51 m
PEC
MEASURES
Indice
s
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
50 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
10 m
19 m
29 m
38 m
75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 6m
- 13 m
- 19 m
- 25 m
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices

230V, 2 ACSR
3.75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
202 m
404 m
606 m
807 m
5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
151 m
303 m
454 m
606 m
10 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 76 m
- 151 m
- 227 m
- 303 m
15 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 50 m
- 101 m
- 151 m
- 202 m
25 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 30 m
- 61 m
- 91 m
- 121 m
37.5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
27 m
40 m
61 m
81 m
PEC
MEASURES
Indice
s
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
50 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
15 m
30 m
45 m
61 m
75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
10 m
20 m
30 m
40 m
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices

230V, 1/0 ACSR
3.75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 321 m
- 642 m
- 963 m
- 1284 m
5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
241 m
481 m
722 m
963 m
10 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
120 m
241 m
361 m
481 m
15 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 80 m
- 160 m
- 241 m
- 321 m
25 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 48 m
- 96 m
- 144 m
- 193 m
37.5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 32 m
- 64 m
- 96 m
- 128 m
PEC
MEASURES
Indice
s
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
50 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
24 m
48 m
72 m
96 m
75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
16 m
32 m
48 m
64 m
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual / Engg
Bulletin
Proposed
Indices

230V, 2/0 ACSR
3.75 KVA
1- direction - 405 m
2- directions - 809 m
5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 304 m
- 607 m
- 911 m
- 1214 m
10 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
152 m
304 m
455 m
607 m
15 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
101 m
202 m
304 m
405 m
25 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 61 m
- 121 m
- 182 m
- 243 m
37.5 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 40 m
- 81 m
- 121 m
- 162 m
PEC
* MEASURES
Indice
s
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
50 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
- 30 m
- 61 m
- 91 m
- 121 m
75 KVA
1- direction
2- directions
3- directions
4- directions
20 m
40 m
61 m
81 m
Distribution Transformer
Standards
SOCOTECO
II
Standard
NEA Standard NRECA Standard
FULLFULLNO-LOAD
NO-LOAD FULL-LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOSS (W)
LOSS (W) LOSS (W)
LOSS (W)
LOSS (W)
105
36
120
45
180
KVA
RATING
NO-LOAD
LOSS (W)
10
28
15
35
145
50
195
58
215
25
56
210
80
290
82
295
37.5
80
280
105
360
110
400
50
95
375
135
500
140
490
75
138
580
190
650
200
700
100
158
750
210
850
260
900
167
240
1165
350
1410
450
1500
Transformer Economics
Transformer Economics
1 PHASE TRANSFORMER
Rating
(KVA)
3
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
Full Load
(A)
12.50
20.83
41.67
62.50
104.17
156.25
208.33
312.50
416.67
Loading Range
(KW)
0.00
2.27
2.27
3.92
3.92
9.57
9.57
13.86
13.86
21.20
21.20
25.76
25.76
35.08
35.08
61.25
61.25
81.73
%
Loading
75.8%
78.4%
95.7%
92.4%
84.8%
68.7%
70.2%
81.7%
81.7%
I
(Amperes)
9.4701
16.3397
39.8711
57.7630
88.3458
107.3452
146.1516
255.2074
340.5300
SOCOTECO II: Transformer

Failures
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
# of Damage
Transformer
88
75
124
86
Estimated
Cost
5,388,919
4,266,093
7,593,477
5,266,444
ANSI Transformer Damage Curve
1 Phase
Zt
5-25KVA
37.5-100KVA
0.025
0.0286
1250 *
Rating Time Current Fuse Link

10KVA
15KVA
25KVA
37.5KVA
50KVA
75KVA
100KVA
0.7813
40.0000
0.7813
40.0000
0.7813
40.0000
1.0225
35.0000
1.0225
35.0000
1.0225
35.0000
1.0225
35.0000
52.4934
6.5617
78.7402
9.8425
131.2336
16.4042
172.0720
24.6063
229.4294
32.8084
344.1440
49.2126
458.8587
65.6168
2K
3K
6K
8K
10K
15K
20K
2
t
40.00
I1
OA FLC
OA
FLC
5*
OAKVA FLC
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
1.3123
1.9685
3.2808
4.9213
6.5617
9.8425
13.1234
Distribution Transformer Loss Computation

Customer 1:
Sample
#1:
KVA
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
KWHR /month
CORE
winding
26
73
42
89
55
129
78
212
110
282
120
364
197
477
320
634
383
1120
450
1566
QTY
KVA
P.F.
KWHR DELIVERED
KWHR LOSS/unit(core)
KWHR loss /unit( winding) at 100%
load
Total KWHR loss( core)
Peak Demand
3
units
75
KVA
0.9
34000 kwhr/mo
197
kwhr/mo
477
591
100
0.494
kwhr/mo
kwhr/mo
kw
% LOADING
0.472
0.260
91
682
2.01%
Load Factor
Loss Factor
Total KWHR loss( winding)
TOTAL DT loss
% LOADING = Max. KW Demand/( KVA
Percent
System
Installed
X (KWHR
P.F.) Loss
Load
Factor =
/ 720) Max. KW
Loss Factor = 0.85 x LF^2 + 0.15 LF
DT Winding Loss = Winding Loss at 100%
Loading x Loss Factor x % Loading ^2
Distribution Transformer Loss

Computation
The Regulatory
Standards
V. Statement of Standards
MEASURES
1.
PDC/ERC
Indices
MERALCO /other DUs

Indices
Proposed
NEA Indices
Power
Reliability
Weighte
d Ave.
(%)
REMARKS
35%
a. SAIFI
No
Provision
25
INT-CON-YR
30
INT-CON-YR
20 INT-CON-YR
under ERC CAPEX
Planning Manual
b. SAIDI
No
Provision
35
HR-YR
45
HR-YR
45 HR-YR under
ERC CAPEX
Planning Manual
No
Provision
1.4
HR - INT
4.0
HR-INT
c. CAIDI
2. Power
Quality
Average duration
of planned
interruptions.
20%
a. Nominal
Voltage
230
b. Over
Voltage
c. Under
Voltage
230V
230V
253V and
above
253V and above
253V and
above
207V and
below
207V and below
207V and
below
230V under the

DSOAR
V. Statement of Standards
MEASURES
PDC/ER
C
MERALCO and Proposed Weighte

other DUs
NEA
d Ave.
Indices
Indices
(%)
REMARKS
Indices
d. Under
Frequency
59.7HZ
and
below
e. Over
Frequency
60.3HZ
and
above
f. Voltage
Unbalance
Not
greater
than +/2.5%
59.7HZ and
below
60.3HZ and
above
Not greater
than +/- 2.5%
59.7HZ and
below
60.3HZ and
above
Not greater
than +/2.5%
60HZ is the
normal
frequency
under PDC
MEASURES
PDC/ER
C
MERALCO and
other DUs Indices
Proposed
NEA
Indices
Weight
ed Ave.
(%)
Indices
3. System
Efficiency
a. System Loss
CAP
b. Power
Factor
20%
13.0%
8.5%
13.0%
85%
90% and above

(Lagging)
90% and
above
(Lagging)
REMARKS
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin /
NGCP
Propose
d NEA
Indices
5. Safety
Requirements
(Minimum)
15%
a. Clearance
above ground
of 69 KV line
. Across hwy.
8.6 m
(28 ft.)
11.5 m
(38 ft.)
11.5 m
(38 ft.)
. Alongside hwy.
6m
(20 ft.)
10 m
(33 ft.)
10 m
(33 ft.)
1.1 m
(3.6 ft.)
2m
(7 ft.)
2m
(7 ft.)
1.1 m
(3.6 ft.)
2m
(7 ft.)
2m
(7 ft.)
b. Clearance of
69 KV to
13.2/7.62 KV
Line (Across
and Along )
c. Clearance of 69
KV to 230 V
line (Across and
Along)
Weighte
d Ave.
(%)
REMARKS
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin /
NGCP
Propose
d NEA
Indices
d. Clearance of 69
KV Line to
Structure
2.8 m
(9 ft.)
No Provision
2.8 m
(9 ft.)
6m
(20 ft.)
No Provision
6m
(20 ft.)
No
Provision
7.5 m
(25 ft.)
7.5 m
(25 ft.)
Across hwy.
8.1 m
(26 ft.)
8.5 m
(28 ft.)
8.5 m
(28 ft.)
Alongside hwy.
5.6 m
(18.5 ft.)
6.0 m
(20 ft.)
6.0 m
(20 ft.)
Horizontal
Vertical
e. Clearance of
69 KV Line to
Vegetation
f.
Clearance
above ground
of 13.2/ 7.62
KV line
Weighte
d Ave.
(%)
REMARKS
PEC
MEASURES
Indices
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Propose
d NEA
Indices
8.2 m
(27 ft.)
8.2 m
(27 ft.)
5.5 m
(18 ft.)
5.5 m
(18 ft.)
g. Clearance
above ground
of 230 V Line
Across hwy.
Alongside hwy.
c.
6.7 m
(22 ft.)
5.5 m
(18 ft.)
Clearance of
13.2/7.62 KV
Line to
structure
. Horizontal
1.4 m
(4.5 ft.)
0.9 m
(3 ft.)
1.4 m
(4.5 ft.)
. Vertical
1.4 m
(4.5 ft.)
2.4 m
(8 ft.)
2.4 m
(8 ft.)
No
Provision
3.0 m
(10 ft.)
3.0 m
(10 ft.)
d. Clearance of
13.2/7.62 KV
Line to
vegetation
Weighte
d Ave.
(%)
REMARKS
PEC
NEA
Rural Line Manual /
Engg Bulletin
Proposed
Indices
No
Provision
100, 135, 175 m

Ruling Span
Not more than

60 m
No
Provision
100, 135, 175 m

Ruling Span
Not more than

100 m
MEASURES
Indice
s
e. Pole
spanning
(Urban)
f.
g.
Pole
Spanning
(Rural)
Pole depth
setting
Not more than
70 feet length
h. Height of Kwh
meter
No
Provision
1.5 m
(5 ft.)
to
2m (7 ft.)
10% of pole length

plus 2 ft.
1.5 m (5 ft.)
to
2 m (7 ft.)
Weighte
d Ave.
(%)
REMARKS
10% of pole
length plus 2 ft.
1.5 m (5 ft.)
to
2 m (7 ft.)
Under Magna
Carta the height
should be 1.52
to 3 meters
Elevated
metering shall
be allowed,
however, no
prescribed
height indicated
in Resolution 11
Series of 2009
issued by the
ERC.
System Loss
Reduction and Control
Reduction and Control of Technical Losses
Reduction and Control of Non-Technical

Losses

of Technical Losses
Distribution Rehabilitation Plan
Safety
Power Quality Problem Correction
Reduce Technical Losses
Distribution Expansion Plan

Capacity that complies with Power Quality Standards
and Controlled Technical Losses
PDC: Distribution Development Plan

Technical Analysis
Economic Analysis
Financial Analysis

of Non-Technical Losses
NEA SLRP
Causes of Pilferages
Long run of secondary networks conducive for illegal
tapping
Services run from one building to the next and attached
to various structures (e.g., trees) making it difficult for
meter readers to follow the wires or spot illegal
connections
Secondary wiring with rats nest appearance due to
poor workmanship
Inaccessible meters (located indoor or inside a
compound)
Control of meter seals
Poor meter records (where and when the meters are
installed, maintained, removed, condemned, etc.)

NEA SLRP
Detection of Pilferages
Surveillance Teams (working full time)

Consumer connections inventory to assure that:
All service connections are metered

All energized services are in an active status in
the billing system
There are no illegal taps, by-passed meters, or
tampered meters
Each household is metered separately (no flying
taps)
Each consumer is properly classified
1. Match all service connections found in the field to a
distribution transformer
2. Match the meter number to the account number
3. Check meter reading against previous readings to assure
that meter readings are being properly reported

NEA SLRP
Tampered Meters
In-Place Quick-test for Accuracy

Hard-to-Detect Tampering
Gear teeth removed

Small hole bored at the top of the meter housing
Floating Neutral
Swapping the line-side and load side
Correcting Problems
Service conductors are not properly supported

Service wire insulation has deteriorated

NEA SLRP
Apprehension of Pilferers
Confronting the consumer

Documenting the findings
Calculating the amount of electricity stolen
Setting the penalty amount to be charged
Disconnecting service and removing the meter
May include policemen or barangay officials

NEA SLRP
Punitive Measures Against Pilferers
R.A. 7832 Theft of electricity is a crime
Removal of fraudulent hook-ups
Collection for unregistered consumption
Penalty charge
Connection charge
Disconnection of service
Filing charges with judicial authorities
Charging for tampering with seals
Regularly scheduled inspections

NEA SLRP
Prevention of Pilferage by Service Entrance
Modification
Installation of meters on the service pole

Meter clustering in apartment buildings
Better meter seals
Security plates or cabinets
Coaxial service cable

NEA SLRP
Political and legal measures
Strengthening of laws that would impose severe

penalties on employees who collaborate with
consumers for the purpose of defrauding the DU
Modification of Procedures for recovery and prosecution
Elimination of political interference with bill collections
Consistent enforcement practices
Publicize successes

NEA SLRP
Complaints for low voltage from the customers
Look for the overload distribution transformers
and compared the billings of all customers
connected to that DT.
Distribution transformers that always trips may
be suspected for illegal connections.

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Orientation Seminar on Causes and/or

Possible Causes of Systems Loss and

September 30, 2013

subdue the enemy's army without

The heart of execution lies in

SOCOTECO IIs: Distribution

Discover the power behind one of

THE CREATION OF D:U

Presidential Decree 269

registered and organized under

Philippines) on May 7, 1977 as

- telling the truth

Respect for individual

Concern for others

-taking care of each

-helping each other

coteco II: Franchise Area

General Santos City

: # of Customers was based on January 2013 Billing Data

Energy (kWhr) Sold Per Area

Gensan City; 76%

e: January 2013 Billing Data ENERGY SOLD 54,954,820 KWhr

Power Demand (MW)Per Municipality

Gensan City 85.62

te: January 2013 Billing Data 126,943 MW Non Coincident Peak

OCOTECO II Historical Data:

SOCOTECO II: Contract for the Supply of

2013 SOCOTECO II Equivalent Demand and

MINDANAO GRID Against SOCOTECO II Demand

SOCOTECO II Peak Demand (MW)

SOCOTECO II Peak Demand (MW)

SOCOTECO II: Growth Rate =

NPC Supply for May SOCOTECO II Peak Demand for May

SOCOTECO II May 2013 Coincidental Peak

Mapalad (20 MW)

Therma Marine (30 MW)

SOCOTECO II May 2013 Coincidental Peak

How to fill this Gap

Mapalad (20 MW)

Therma Marine (30 MW)

Fill in the Supply GAP Immediately:

NSTALL MODULAR GENSETS

SOCOTECO II September 2013 Coincidental Peak

Mapalad (30 MW)

Therma Marine (30 MW)

NPC Supply (54.6 MW)

NPC Supply for May

SOCOTECO II Peak Demand for May

SOCOTECO II Baseload & Intermediate Load Supply Plan

Peaking Power Requirement

COINCIDENTAL & NONCOINCIDENTAL PEAK

Annual Energy Purchased & Sold

% Systems Loss AGR (2008 2012) =

Energy Loss AGR (1996 2012) =

System Energy Losses

Components of Distribution System Losses

Components of Distribution System Losses

Components of Distribution System Losses

Total Distribution System Losses

Total Distribution System Losses

Unbundling the Technical and

Unbundling the Technical and

[Hourly Load and No-Load (or Fixed)

Unbundling the Technical and