BASIC DRILLING

for
fresh graduates

Bucharest, 2014

DRILLING RIG

1. Crown Block and

Water Table
2. Catline Boom
and Hoist Line
3. Drilling Line
4. Monkeyboard
5. Traveling Block
6. Top Drive
7. Mast
8. Drill Pipe
9. Doghouse
10. Blowout
Preventer
11. Water Tank
12. Electric Cable
Tray

13. Engine
Generator Sets
14. Fuel Tank
15. Electrical
Control House
16. Mud Pumps
17. Bulk Mud
Component Tanks
18. Mud Tanks
(Pits)
19. Reserve Pit
20. Mud-Gas
Separator
21. Shale Shakers
22. Choke
Manifold
23. Pipe Ramp
24. Pipe Racks
25. Accumulator

DRILING RIG - Mast

A portable derrick capable of

being erected as a unit, as
distinguished from a standard
derrick, which cannot be raised
to a working position as a unit.

DRILLING RIG
Monkeyboard

The derrickman's working

platform. Double board,
tribble board, fourable board;
a monkey board located at a
height in the derrick or mast
equal to two, three, or four
lengths of pipe respectively.

DRILLING RIG Pipe ramp

& Pipe rack

Pipe ramp - an angled

ramp for dragging drill
pipe up to the drilling
platform or bringing pipe
down off the drill
platform.
Pipe rack a horizontal
support for tubular goods

DRILLING Rig

6|

DRILLING RIG - Catwalk

The ramp at the side of the
drilling rig where pipe is laid
to be lifted to the derrick
floor
by the catline or by an air
hoist.

DRILLING RIG Substructure

The foundation on which

the derrick or mast and
usually
the drawworks sit; contains
space for storage and well
control equipment.

DRILLING RIG - Cellar

A pit in the ground to provide
additional height between
the rig floor and the well
head to accommodate the
installation of blowout
preventers, ratholes,
mouseholes and so forth. It
also collects drainage water
and other fluids for disposal.

DRILLING RIG Crown Block

An assembly of sheaves or
pulleys mounted on beams
at
the top of the derrick.
The drilling line is run over
the
sheaves down to the hoisting
drum

DRILLING RIG - Doghouse

A small enclosure on the rig

floor used as an office for
the
driller or as a storehouse for
small objects.
Also, any small
building used as an office or
for storage.

DRILLING RIG Hoisting Equipment

Drawwork
The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig.
It is essentially a large winch that spools off or takes in
the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem
and bit.

DRILLING RIG - Hoisting Equipment

Drilling Line

A wire rope hoisting line,

reeved on sheaves of the
crown block and traveling
block (in effect a block
and tackle). Its primary
purpose is to hoist or
lower drill pipe or casing
from or into a well. Also, a
wire rope used to support
the drilling tools.

DRILLING RIG - Hoisting Equipment

Elevators

A set of clamps that grips a

stand, or column, of casing,
tubing, drill pipe, or sucker
rods, so the stand can be
raised or lowered into the
hole.

DRILLING RIG - Hoisting

Equipment - Hook

A large, hook-shaped device

from which the elevator bails
or the swivel is suspended. It
is designed to carry
maximum loads ranging from
100 to 650 tons and turns on
bearings in its supporting
housing.

DRILLING RIG - Hoisting

Equipment
Traveling Block

An arrangement of pulleys or
sheaves through which
drilling cable is reeved, which
moves up or down in the
derrick or mast.

DRILLING RIG - Hoisting Equipment

Swivel

A rotary tool that is hung from

the rotary hook and traveling
block to suspend and permit free
rotation of the drill stem.
It also provides a connection for
the rotary hose and a
passageway for the flow of
drilling fluid into the drillstem.

DRILLING RIG - Hoisting

Equipment
Top Drive

The top drive rotates the drill

string end bit without the use of a
kelly and rotary table.
The top drive is operated from a
control console on the rig floor.

DRILLING RIG Hoisting Equipment

Elevator Links

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Rotary Table & Muster bushing
The principal component of a
rotary, or rotary machine,
used to turn the drill stem and
support the drilling assembly. It
has a beveled gear arrangement
to create the rotational motion
and an opening into which
bushings are
fitted to drive and support the
drilling assembly.
Note the pipe spinner (in red) on
the side of the swivel.
Shale Shaker

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Slips

Wedge-shaped pieces of metal

with teeth or other gripping
elements that are used to
prevent pipe from slipping down
into the hole or to hold pipe in
place. Rotary slips fit
around the drill pipe and wedge
against the master bushing to
support the pipe. Power slips are
pneumatically or hydraulically
actuated devices that allow the
crew to dispense with the manual
handling of slips when making a
connection.

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Slips
Drill Pipe
Slips

Drill Collar Slips

Casing Slips

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Slips

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Safety Clamp
There are used on tubular above the slips to
prevent dropping the string if the slips fail to
hold.

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Safety Clamp

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Tong
Large wrenches used to make or break out
tubular.

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Tong

Making
Connection

Breaking
Connection

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Drillpipe Spinner
A pneumatically operated device usually suspended on the rig
floor used to make fast connections and spin off of drill pipes.

DRILLING RIG Handling Equipment

Iron Roughneck
A pneumatically operated machine that replaces the
functions performed by the Kelly Spinner, Drillpipe
Spinner and Tongs.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Scheme

DRILLING RIG Circulation

System
Mud Pumps

A large reciprocating pump

used to circulate the mud
(drilling fluid) on a drilling
rig.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Mud Pits

A series of open tanks, usually

made of steel plates,
through which the drilling mud
is cycled to allow sand and
sediments to settle out.
Additives are mixed with the
mud in the pit, and the fluid is
temporarily stored there
before
being pumped back into the
well. Mud pit compartments
are also called shaker pits,
settling pits, and suction pits,
depending on their main
purpose.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Standpipe

A vertical pipe rising along the

side of the derrick or mast.
It joins the discharge line leading
from the mud pump to the rotary
hose and through which mud is
pumped going into the hole.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Rotary Hose

The hose on a rotary drilling

rig that conducts the drilling
fluid from the mud pump and
standpipe to the swivel and
kelly; also called the mud
hose or the kelly hose.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Mud Return Line

A trough or pipe, placed

between the surface
connections
at the well bore and the shale
shaker. Drilling mud flows
through it upon its return to
the surface from the hole.

DRILLING RIG Circulation

System
Mud Gas Separator

A device that removes gas from

the mud coming out of a
well when a kick is being
circulated out.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Shale Shaker

A series of trays with sieves

or screens that vibrate to
remove cuttings from
circulating fluid in rotary
drilling operations. The size of
the openings in the sieve is
selected to match the size of
the solids in the drilling fluid
and the anticipated size of
cuttings. Also called a shaker.

DRILLING RIG Circulation System

Desander & Desilter
Desander - a centrifugal device Desilter - also a centrifugal device for
for removing sand from the
removing free particles of silt from the
drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of drilling fluid to keep the amount of
the pumps.
solids in the fluid at the lowest possible
point.

DRILLING RIG Action System

Engine Generator Sets

A diesel, Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG),
natural gas, or
gasoline engine, along with
a mechanical transmission
and
generator for producing
power for the drilling rig.
Newer rigs use electric
generators to power
electric motors on the other
parts of the rig.

DRILLING RIG Action System

Power and Prime Movers
Internal combustion engine or a turbine that is the source of power
for driving equipment on the Rig
A drilling rig in which the source of power is one or more internalcombustion engine and in which power is distributed to rig
components through devices such as chains, sprockets, clutches
and shaft is said to be a Mechanical Rig.

DRILLSTRING - Kelly
The heavy square
or hexagonal
steel member
suspended
from the swivel
through the rotary
table.
It is connected to
the topmost joint
of drill pipe to
turn the drill stem
as the rotary
table turns.

DRILLSTRING- Drill Pipe

DRILLSTRING - Drillcollar

The heavy, thick-walled tube

steel, used between the drill
pipe and the bit in the drill
stem to provide pendulum
effect to the drill stem and to
provide weight on bit.

Bits
A variety of bits are available for drilling and sampling operation. The
selection of bit is usually dependent on the formation which is to be
drilled and the purpose of the borehole.

SHORT PDC
BIT

MEDIUM PDC BIT LONG PDC BIT

NATURAL
DIAMOND BIT

TSP BIT

CORE BIT

BIT

WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Choke Manifold
The arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes, through
which drilling mud is circulated when the blowout preventers are
closed to control the pressures
encountered during a kick.

WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Ram type BOP
A blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that is
with or without pipe. It is also called a ram preventer. Ram -type
preventers have interchangeable ram
blocks to accommodate different O.D. drill pipe, casing, or tubing.

WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Annular BOP
A large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, that forms a
seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore or, if no pipe is
present, on the well bore itself.

Line
Line Organization
Organization of
of the
the Rig
Rig Crew
Crew
Drilling
Superintendent

Area Manager

Rig Manager

Materials Man
Warehouseman

Safety & Training

Specialist

Maintenance
Engineer

Rig Mechanic

Electrician

Toolpusher

Welder

Driller

Pipe Fitter
Crane Optr.

Asst. Driller
Motorman

Pump Tender
Derrickman
Roughneck
Roustabout

Rigger

Driver
Helper

END OF
RIG
Presentation

DRILL STRING

DRILL PIPE
Dimensions & Strength
1. Length
Drill pipe is available in: - single or joints
- double ( 2 joints connected)
- stand ( triple of drill pipe)
Drill pipe can be supplier in 3 length ranges:
- range I : 6.7 m ( 22 ft)
- range II: 9.14 m ( 30 ft) the most
commonly used
- range III: 12.19 m ( 40 ft)
The DP weight per
2. Size ( OD) & weight
meter or foot is
2 3/8 in ( 60.3 mm)
determined by the
2 7/8 in ( 73 mm)
tube wall thickness &
3 in (88.9 mm)
the dimensions of the
4 in ( 114.3 mm)
tool joint kg/ m or
5 in ( 127 mm) most commonly used
lbs/ft
5 in ( 139.7 mm)
6 5/8 in ( 168.2mm)

DRILL PIPE
Dimensions & Strength

3. Grade
It is a letter code given to DP to indicate its tensile strength
Various tests can be made to establish the load at which certain material
alter shape temporarily, alter shape permanently or break.
The tests are : tension, torsion, compression, and shear.
see. Stress - strain diagram( Hook diagram)
The grades are: - D ( 55)
In brackets are the
- E ( 75)
values of minimum
- X ( 95)
yield strength in
- G ( 105)
psi
- S ( 135)
API RP 7 G can be use for further reference on mechanical &
chemical properties
4. API classification
API classifies DP into 3 different classes ( easy to recognize through color
- class 1
based on amount of type wear /
- Premium
defects
- class 2

DRILL PIPE
Tool Joint
Tool joint is a heavy coupling element for DP; have coarse, tapered
threads and seating shoulders designed for:
- suspend the weight of DP;
- withstand the strain of frequent makeup and breakout;
- provide a leak proof seal.

1. Types of Tool joint:

- flush welding;
- inertia flush welding

DRILL PIPE
Tool Joint
2. Drill pipe upset

DRILL PIPE
Tool Joint
3. DP connections
The most common API thread connections used :
Type of thread have a thread profile V
- Regular ( Reg)
shaped, the bottom rounded, and top
- Full Hole ( FH)
slightly flatted
- Internal Flush ( IF) V shape profile, with thread flattened at
bottom and on top
Number connections ( NC) it is a new series of connections; there is a
correspondence with 4 IF style and one with FH :
NC 26 replace 2 3/8 IF
NC 31 replace 2 7/8 IF
NC 38 replace 3 IF
NC 40 replace 4 in FH
NC 46 replace 4 in IF
NC 50 replace 4 IF

DRILL PIPE
Tool joint strength
The tool joint strength depend by some factors:
1. Material strength the same regardless of
grade of tube;
2. Pin weak ( pin is weaker than box) or box
weak ( box is weaker than the pin);
3. TJ strength in torsion: is 80 % from tube
torsional strength API arbitrary value;
4. TJ makeup:
- sealing : connection must be able to ensure
that the shoulder of the box and pin
will
make together tight
( seal)
- make-up torque: parameter which governs
the contact pressure between pin and box
shoulders
- bending: additional compression or tension
due to down hole conditions
- dope friction factor: it is commonly a

DRILL PIPE
DP Identification Marks
Code marks is stenciled on TJ pin contained following information:
- Manufacturers symbols
- Month connections welded on
- Year connections welded on
- Pipe mill code
- Pipe steel grade

DRILL COLLARS
Drill Collars ( DC) are heavy, thick-walled steel tubes
with threaded connection cut on both ends.
Are used to provide WOB;
Steel: Chrome-molybdenum
alloy
Length size: range 2 ( 9.15-9.76
m)
range 3 (12.8
13.3m)
OD : 4 , 6, 8, 9
Type: - spiral DC
- square DC
- cylindrical DC

DRILL COLLARS
API DC connections are cut by milling:
- Regular connection is the most common choice.
- H 90 connection( proprietary product of Hughes
tool)
Macke-up torque: during drilling DC are subject to:
- buckling & bending;
- torsion;
- vibration;
- alternating stresses
If the DC connection is a suitable one and the correct
torque has been applied, the joint should absorb the
normal bending stresses and shoulder to shoulder seal
will effectively contain the internal pressure.
Neutral point should be on DC ( never be < 10% of DC
length in tension)

HEAVY WALL DRILL PIPE ( HWDP)

Heavy Wall Drill Pipe normally named Heavy-Wate
are
Intermediate weigh drill string member.
HWDP are used for:
- as a transition between DCs and DP ;
- for high inclinations holes;
- drilling in zones with high risk of differential
sticking

SUBS

DRILLSTRING - Stabilizer
The stabilizers are use
in BHA:
- to increase the
stiffness,
- reduce vibrations
- reduce contact of DC
with borehole wall;
- prevent stuck pipe ;
- maintain wellbore
trajectory.

Spiral Blade
Stabilizer

Straight Blade
Stabilizer

Non Magnetic
Spiral Blade
Stabilizer

DRILLSTRING - Stabilizer

JAR

SHOCK TOOL

DOWNHOLES MOTORS ( PDM)

There are 2 types of downhole motors:
- turbines;
- Moineau motors.
Both are equipped with stationary and
rotating section.
PDM are used for straight or directional
holes

DRILL STRING DESIGN

When design a drill string we are looking to:

- keep the maximum stress at any point in the
drill string less than yield strength affected by a
design factor;
- select components and configure assemblies;
- provide equipment that is resistant to H2S( if is
expected)

DRILL STRING DESIGN

Design procedure
The following steps are considered:
-

Selection of DC diameter;
Selection of BHA connections;
Stabilizers and jar placement;
Determine length DC section;
Determine length of HWDP
section;
DP tension design;
Calculate allowable load;
Set margin of over pull;
Calculate working load;

Calculate maximum length of

DP section;
Burst pressure;
Collapse pressure;
Combined loading;
Stability forces and DP
buckling;
Buoyancy factor;
Special consideration for ERD

DRILL STRING FAILURE

1. Failure: is damage caused by repeated cycles of
stress at a level below the tensile strength of the
material; begins as a microscopic structural change
to the metal crystal at point of highest cyclic stress
and progress until a fatigue crack forms.
Vibrations can conduct to cyclic loads; to
prevent it is necessary to understand the different
types of vibrations.

DRILL STRING FAILURE

Types of vibrations:

DRILL STRING FAILURE

2. Tensile failure: occurred when the tensile load
exceeds the capacity of the weakest component of DS.
3. Torsion failure: in almost all cases torsion failures
occur in tool joints.
4. Combination tension/torsion failures: happened
when fishing or pulling on stuck pipe.
5. Burst and collapse failures: happened when pressure
loading exceeds capacity.
6. Split box: can be considered a special type of fatigue
failure.
7. Sulphide stress cracking: may occur in the presence
of H2S
8. Stress corrosion cracking: a mechanical
environmental failure mechanism that attack stainless
steel