Boardworks Ltd 2003

Teachers Notes
A slide contains teachers notes wherever this icon is
displayed To access these notes go to Notes Page View
(PowerPoint 97) or Normal View (PowerPoint 2000).

Notes Page View

Normal View

Flash Files
A flash file has been embedded into the PowerPoint
slide wherever this icon is displayed
These files are not editable.
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Elements and Compounds

Elements are materials

made up of one type of
atom only.

Hydrogen molecule contains

two hydrogen atoms bonded
together, so the formula is H2.

The water molecule contains two

hydrogen atoms bonded to one
oxygen atom, so the formula is H2O.

It follows that
compounds contain two
or more types of atom.

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Compounds: Water
Compounds are produced when elements combine. For
example, water is produced in the following reaction.

Two water molecules react with one oxygen molecule to give water.

Word Equation
Hydrogen +

Oxygen Water
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Compounds not mixtures

The atoms in compounds are NOT
mixed together. A mixture of hydrogen
and oxygen would look like:
They become bonded together during a chemical
reaction. Because of this compounds have properties that
are very different to the elements that they are made from.

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

WATER

Flammable gas.

Gas in which many

substances burn.

Liquid that extinguishes

most fires.
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Compounds not mixtures

carbon

Black solid
used as
barbecue
fuel

oxygen

Gas in
which
many
substances
burn

carbon dioxide

Gas used in
fizzy drinks and
fire
extinguishers

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Naming Simple
compounds.
It is easy to name simple compounds of metals and non-

metals.
1. Write down the name of the metal
2. Write down the name of the non-metal but change
the ending to ide.
magnesium
1) magnesium 2) oxygen =
oxide
1) sodium 2) chlorine

sodium
chloride

Element 1

Element 2

Name of compound

copper

bromine

copper bromide

silver

sulphur

silver sulphide

calcium

oxygen

calcium oxide
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Naming Simple
compounds.
Name the compound formed from these elements

Element 1

Element 2 Name of compound

iron
magnesium
sodium
tin
aluminium
nickel
zinc
lithium

sulphur
nitrogen
chlorine
oxygen
bromine
iodine
sulphur
nitrogen

iron sulphide
magnesium nitride
sodium chloride
tin oxide
aluminium bromide
nickel iodide
zinc sulphide
lithium nitride
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Naming more complicated Compounds

Many compounds contain more than two elements.
Naming them can get complicated but for those
containing two elements plus oxygen the name
ending usually changes to ate.
Element 1
nickel

Element 2 Element 3 Name of compound

sulphur

oxygen

nickel sulphate

magnesium nitrogen

oxygen

magnesium nitrate

sodium

nitrogen

oxygen

sodium nitrate

copper

sulphur

oxygen

copper sulphate

aluminium

bromine

oxygen

aluminium bromate

Boardworks Ltd 2003

The composition of compounds.

Compounds are very different to the elements from
which they are made but there is another way in
which compounds are different to mixtures.
In a mixture you can add any amount of the
ingredients.

Compounds always contain a definite amount of each

element. They have a fixed composition.
This is not really surprising as looking at the word
equations you will have seen they always have a
definite number of element atoms joined together.
Na

Cl

Mg O

H
O H
Boardworks Ltd 2003

The formula of compounds

This means that every compound can have a
formula that tells us how many of each type of atom
are present. We include small slightly dropped
numbers if there are more of one atom than the
other.
Carbon dioxide

Water
One oxygen atom
Two hydrogen atoms

H
O H

Formula H2O

One carbon
atom

O
Two oxygen
atoms

Formula CO2
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Activity

The formula of compounds

What is the formulae

of each of the
compounds shown?
(As with names, put
the metal first.)
2. Lithium Oxide
O
Li
lithium atoms
atoms
2?lithium
Li
Formula
Formula

Li?2O

oxygen atom
1?oxygen
atom

1. Titanium oxide
O Ti O
titanium atom
1? titanium
atom

Formula
Formula

TiO2

oxygen atoms
2? oxygen
atoms

3. Aluminium chloride
Cl Al Cl
Cl
Formula
Formula

AlCl3

1?aluminium
atom
aluminium atom
chlorine atoms
3? chlorine
atoms

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Activity

The formula of compounds

Cl

What is the formulae

of each of the compounds
shown?

Silicon chloride

Cl Si Cl
Cl

?1 silicon atom
4 chlorine atoms
?

Formula
Formula

SiCl4
Aluminium oxide
O
O
O
Al
Al
Formula
Formula

?
2 aluminium atom

Al2O3

? oxygen atoms
3

Manganese oxide
O Mn O
1?manganese
atom
manganese atom
Formula
Formula

MnO2

2? oxygen
atoms
oxygen atoms

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Word Equations
Word equations can be used to describe any
chemical change. (i.e. any process where the atoms
become joined (bonded) in different ways).
The steps are:
1. Write down the name of the reactant(s) linking
them with a + sign if there is more than one.
2. Write down an arrow
3. Write down the names of the products linking
them with a + sign if there is more than one

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Activity

Word Equations

Write out word equations for this reaction

Lead reacts with oxygen to form lead oxide
Lead
Lead

oxygen

lead oxide
Lead oxide

Why is lead oxide soIt different

to mixed.
both lead and oxygen?
hasnt just
It has reacted and atoms are joined differently.
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Activity

Word Equations

Write out word equations for the following

reactions.
1. Limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated to make
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
calcium carbonate calcium oxide +carbon dioxide

2. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to make

magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

3. Methane is burnt to make carbon dioxide and

water.
methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Mixtures
Mixtures are, as the name indicates, mixed rather than
reacted together.
This means that, unlike compounds:
1 They do not have to have any particular
proportions of the various ingredients.
2 Their properties are often an average of the
properties of their ingredients. (eg. a mixture of a
black and white powder is grey!)
3 They are mixed, not bonded, and
so are usually not too hard to
separate back into their ingredients.
(For example, it is easy to get salt
from sea water.)

sea water: a mixture

of salts and water

Boardworks Ltd 2003

 Boardworks Ltd 2003

Separating Mixtures
Immiscible liquids
Immiscible means doesnt mix and so we are talking
about mixtures like water with cooking oil or water with
petrol.
On a small scale you can simply remove the top layer
using a pipette.

oil

water

oil

water
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Separating Mixtures

Miscible liquids
Miscible means does mix and so we are talking about
mixtures like water and alcohol or petrol with kerosine.
These are separated by boiling them as it is unlikely that
they will boil at exactly the same temperature.
In order to get back the liquids we use a condenser. This
is a tube that has cold water circulating through the
outside. It cools down vapours and condenses them back
to a liquid. Substances with low boiling points collect first,
while those with higher boiling points collect later.

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Miscible liquids
Distillation Equipment
thermometer

condenser

water in
water out
electric
heater

collection
beaker

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Separations
How would you get this?

Mixture

Wanted

Method

glass

filter

Sea water

salt

evaporate

Sea water

water

distil

Glass and water

Cooking oil & water cooking oil

Alcohol and water

alcohol

pipette
distil

Boardworks Ltd 2003

Separation Experiment

John has been given a mixture of salt, sand and water.

He needs to separate them but cannot remember
how.
Can you help him?
Write an experimental plan for John to follow so that he
can have the sand, salt and water in separate
containers.
Make sure you start off by telling him what equipment
he will need.
Then he will need a step by step plan that is easy to
follow.
Boardworks Ltd 2003

Summary activities

Boardworks Ltd 2003

1. Which of these is a compound?

A.
B.
C.
D.

bromine
copper
carbon dioxide
uranium

Boardworks Ltd 2003

2. Which of these best describes a

compound?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Two or more elements mixed together.
Two or elements bonded together.
Two or more types of molecule mixed
together.

Boardworks Ltd 2003

3. Which of these could best describe compounds?

Substances that:
A. are similar to the elements that they are made
from.
B. can be formed when elements react together.
C. can be formed when elements decompose into
two or more new substances.
D. substances with symbols in the Periodic Table.

Boardworks Ltd 2003

4. What would be the name of a

compound formed from sulphur, oxygen
and zinc?
A.
B.
C.
D.

sulphur zincide
sulphur zincate
zinc sulphide
zinc sulphate

Boardworks Ltd 2003

5. What would be the formula of a

compound containing two aluminium
atoms for every three sulphur atoms?
A. Al2S3

B. Al3S2

C. Al2S3

D. Al3S2

Boardworks Ltd 2003

6. How would you separate a mixture of

water and alcohol. (Two miscible liquids)
A.
B.
C.
D.

filtering
chromatography
evaporation
distillation

Boardworks Ltd 2003

7. What is the main technique you would

use when separating a mixture of salt
and sand?
A.
B.
C.
D.

filtering
chromatography
evaporation
distillation

Boardworks Ltd 2003

8.

Use the chromatogram to decide

which dyes are in the ink.

D Ink

Boardworks Ltd 2003