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LINGUISTIC
They

PRINCIPLES

are the general principles of

language teaching.
Learning and teaching of language is
scientific. It is based on certain principles.
They are applicable to almost all
languages.
These principles are devised by the
scholars and experts in the field of
language teaching.
They ensure the effective and successful
learning and teaching of langauge.

PRINCIPLE

OF NATURALNESS
Language is learned naturally
It should start from an oral level.
Sentence is the language unit
So teacher should proceed to sentences.
PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING BY DOING
Main focus is on the development of four
skills.
Therefore practice is essential.

THE

PRINCIPLE OF PRACTICE.

Practice

leads to mastery of
language.
The expressions, grammar,
vocabulary of language depends on
practice.
According to psychological
justifications 84% of the time should
be utilized for practice.
Only 15 % should be used for
explanations and commentary.

PRINCIPLE OF IMITATION
Propounded by E L Thorndike.
Imitation is said to be the most important
principle in language learning.
He says language is learned through
imitation.
It denotes that teacher should be experts in
language structures and grammar.
If teacher makes a mistake students will
imitate it.
Especially in small classes.

PRINCIPLE

OF MOTIVATION
AND INTEREST.
Teacher should motivate and
develop interest in students.
Class should be alive and active with
aids and activities.
Teacher can use debates and
discussions.
Both students and teacher should be
active and interested in class.

PRINCIPLE

OF SPEAKING
Teacher should provide situations to speak.
In teaching oral work should be given priority.
Effective and economical way to improve
language.
Also helps in correcting pronunciations.
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTEXT AND
SITUATION
Teacher should provide contexts and
situations.
Helps students to use language in daily life.
Classified into real and artificial situations.

PRINCIPLE

OF GRADATION AND

SEQUENCE.
It means placing language items in order.
Gradation means what all things have to be
taught.
Sequence refers what is to be taught after
each section.
PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLE LINE OF
APPROACH
It denotes that multiple methods must be
used in teaching.
Like using activities, language games,
exercises along with lecturing.

psycholinguistics

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
Study

of psychological factors that enable

human to;
Acquire language
Use language
Produce language
Psycholinguistics

has roots in philosophy

and education.
The term was coined by Jacob Robert
Kantor in 1936.
Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field .

MAIN

FOCUS OF
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Language

acquisition
Language comprehension
Language production
Second Language acquisition

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LANGUAGE
Two

ACQUISITION

main schools of thought.

First perspective was upheld by Jean
Piaget and Rudolf Carnap.
This view states that languages are
learned with conscious efforts.
Alternative view was put forward by Noam
Chomsky.
This view states that humans posses an
innate language faculty.
Chomsky believed in the innate ability of
man to acquire language.

LANGUAGE
Language

COMPREHENSION

comprehension deals with how

people process or understands the
meaning of a sentence.
Theoretical devices in this field:Modular views
Interactive views
Modular view assumes that there are
different stages in processing a sentence
which are independent.
These different stages have limited
interaction.

Interactive

perspective.
This view states that information
contained in a sentence can be processed
at any time.
There are no different levels or stages.
There are evidences to support both
theories.
Still nobody has proved which is the
correct one.

BEHAVIOURISM
Main

proponents are Pavlov , E.L

Thorndike and B.F.Skinner.
Laws evolved by Thorndike:
The law of readiness.
The law of exercise.
The law of effect.
Learning is a mechanical process of habit
formation.
Language learning is like forming
behaviour. It is through reinforcement and
practice.

SIGNIFICANT

Language

PRINCILPES

is acquired through external

observation.
Behaviour is subject to observation.
Linguistic behaviour is a habit.
Habits are formed by imitation and
repetition
Childss mind is a tabula rasa.
Language learning ability is a general
ability.
Habits are a matter of stimulusresponse.

CRITICAL

VIEWS

Behaviorism approximates man to

automations or mechanical
it disregards mans ability to think
and discriminate.
it is concerned only with surface
aspects of learning.
It fails to account for complexity and
creativity of language.

COGNITIVISM
Popularly

known as Gestalt school of

psychology.
Gestalt means whole.
Importance is given the whole development
of language.
Lays emphasis on cognitive experiences.
Cognitive experience means meaningful
understanding.
It believes that humans possess innate
ability to acquire language.

SIGNIFICANT

PRINCIPLES.
Human beings are endowed with biological
capacity for language.
The capacity to learn language is genetic.
Not acquired.
Learning is a meaningful activity.
CRITICAL VIEWS
Concept of innateness cannot be
subjected to verification.
It neglects the role of environmental
factors.
The theory has not evolved substantial
methods of teaching.

CONSTRUCTIVISM
Main

supporters of this theory are; Jean

Piaget, Jerome S Bruner, Vygotsky, Noam
Chomsky etc.
Learning is a process of constructing
knowledge.
Child interacts with the nature and
constructs knowledge.
Through interaction, investigation, reaction
and interpretation.
Learning involves problem solving.
Education is learner centered.
Construction of knowledge through
experience and prior knowledge.

Constructivist

approach is:
Child centered.
Activity based.
Process oriented.
FEATURES.
Prediction, creation and analysis of
knowledge.
Promotion of divergent thinking and
reflective thinking.
Freedom of children to self regulation.
Developing ability for free expression.
Open ended learning strategy.
More stress on learning process
Teachers role as a guide and co-learner.

CONCLUSION
languages

are complex combinations of

elegant principles.
It is difficult to develop a clear cut
concrete theories in language.
There are many theories in the field of
language acquisition. But most of them
fails to provide a satisfying explanation.
All theories agree on one fact that is,
language acquisition is the key aspect that
distinguishes man from other living
beings.

THANK YOU

BY
AMALA SEBASTIAN