GROUP B

MUHAMMAD ABUBAKR
WAQAR JALIL
SYED HANNAN
SADAM BHITTE
MUHAMMAD TAHIR
MUHMMAD KAMIL
MAHAM ASHRAF
MUSTAFA FAIZ
Sumbal
Fizan
Muzamil

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

INTRODUCTION
If the depth of a foundation is greater than its
width, the foundation is known as deep
foundation
A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of
a structure down through the upper weak layer
of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below

DEEP FOUNDATIONS ARE USE IN

FOLLOWING SITUATIONS
When the soil of good bearing capacity is
not available near the ground.
The space is restricted to allow for spread
footings
The subsoil water level is high
The load of structure is heavy

TYPES
Pile foundations
Well foundations
Caisson foundations

PILE FOUNDATIONS
It can defined as a series of columns
constructed or inserted into the ground to
transmit the loads of a structure to a lower level
of subsoil.

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
End bearing piles
Friction or floating piles
Replacement piles
Displacement piles

LOAD COMING ON PILE

Live load
Dead load
Wind load
Seismic load
water load

LOAD BEARING PILES

It bear the load come from the structure
Generally driven vertical or near vertical position
Bearing piles are divided into tow parts
1. Bearing piles
2. Friction piles

Pile materials
Timber piles
Steel piles
Concrete piles

 TIMBER PILES
Advantages
Easy handling, noun corrosive matrial,.if permanently submerged then fairly
resistance to decay, relatively inexpensive, usually limited to short length.
low capacity

Disadvantages
may require treatment to prevent decay, insects and borers from damaging pile.
easily damaged during hard driving and inconvenient to splice, low capacity.

STEEL PILES

Advantages

High axial working capacity, wide variety of sizes, easy on side modification,
fairly easy drive, good penetration through hard materials(with shoe).

Disadvantages

high coast, difficulty in delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy driving.

CONCRETE PILES
Advantages

High capacity, inexpensive, durable, corrosion resistance.

Disadvantages

Tough handling, splicing and transport difficulties.

PILE SPACING
The center to center distance between successive piles is called
pile spacing.
It has to carefully designed by considering the following factors.
1.

Type of pile

2.

Material

3.

Length

4.

Grouping

5.

Load coming on piles

6.

Nature of soil through which piles are passing.

FACTORS AFFECTING ON PILE CAPACITY

Surrounding soil

Installation technique

Method of construction(pre cast or cast)

Location of piles

Spacing

Symmetry of piles in group

Shape of pile cap

Location of pile cap

WELL FOUNDATIONS
Well foundations are being used in India from
very early days. Taj Mahal was built on such
foundations. Wells are also type of deep
foundations. The main difference between a
well and a pile foundation is that, while a pile is
flexible like a beam under horizontal loads, the
well undergoes rigid body movement under
such loads.

SHAPES
Wells have different shapes and
accordingly they are named as Circular
Wells Dumb bell Double-D Wells
Double Octagonal Well s Single and
Double Rectangular Wells Multiple
Dredged Holed Wells

FOLLOWING LOADS ARE CONSIDERED FOR WELL

FOUNDATION:

1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Wind load
4.Horizontal force due to water current
5.Longitudinal forces
6.Seismic forces.

Dead loads:
itincludesweightofsuperstructure.

Live loads:
Load caused due to tractive effect of vehicles on bridges and road,
loadduetohumanbeings,furniturefloors&othermaterials.

Wind loads:
the wind loads shall be seen only on the exposed area in elevation
andhenceactslaterallyonthebridge

 Earth pressure:
TheRainkinesstheoryandCoulombstheoryisutilizedto
calculatetheearthpressure.
Seismic forces:
seismicforcesarevitalwhenthewellsareconstructedin
seismic zones. The seismic forces act on every members
ofthesuperstructure .

CIRCULAR WELLS
Most common shape of well foundations.
It is featured with very high structural strength.
These circular well foundations are perfectly suitable
for piers of the single-line railway bridges and the
double-lane road bridges.
But for excessively lengthier piers it turns out to be
uneconomical. Thus, the maximum diameter of circular
well is principally limited to 9m.

RECTANGULAR WELLS
Rectangular wells are principally employed on bridge
foundations with depths up to 7m-8m.
In case of larger foundations double-rectangular wells
can be used.

Components of Well Foundation

Thevariouscomponentofawellfoundationsare

CuttingEdge
WellCurb
BottomPlug
Staining
TopPlug
WellCap

THANK YOU