Neuro-Organs-System

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Nervous System
Functions
Sensory input monitoring stimuli occurring inside & outside the body
Integration interpretation of sensory input
Motor output response to stimuli by activating effector organs

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Figure 11.1

Peripheral Nervous System

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Spinal Cord Regions

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

The Central Nervous System

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Functional:

Neuron Classification

Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses toward the CNS

Motor (efferent) carry impulses away from the CNS
Interneurons (association neurons) shuttle signals through CNS pathways

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Definitions
Cell Signal Transduction: The process by
which cells sense an incoming signal and
transfer that signal into a cellular action
Mechanotransduction: The process by which
a cell senses an incoming mechanical signal
and transfer that signal into a cellular action

Cells, Stress, and Signaling

Mechanical Stimulus
Cell Reception
Signal Transduction
Cell Action

Tissue Properties

Neuroglia

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Figure 12.6

Brain component
Cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
(lateral to thalamus)

Basal nuclei
Thalamus
(medial)

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Midbrain

Brain stem

Brain stem
(midbrain, pons,
and medulla)

Pons
Medulla

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Spinal cord
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Cerebral Cortex
Each half of cortex divided into four major lobes

Occipital lobe - carries out initial processing of visual input

Temporal lobe - initial reception of sound sensation, taste, smell
Parietal lobe - somatosensory processing
Frontal lobe responsible for
Voluntary motor activity
Speaking ability
Elaboration of thought

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Language
Primary areas of cortical specialization for language

Brocas area governs speaking ability

Wernickes area
Concerned with language comprehension
Responsible for formulating coherent patterns of speech

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Figure 9-23: Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language

Brain Function: Cerebral Lateralization

Each lobe has special functions

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Figure 9-16

Memory Processing

Hippocampus (limbic system)

Short term memory and consolidation

Declarative memory (facts), specific objects
Requires conscious recall

Cerebellum how to memories

Motor skills (procedural)
Subconscious recall

Prefrontal cortex - working memory

Processes new and retrieved information

Temporary storage
Problem solving, planning, organizing

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anwar wardy dept.neurology

Divisions of the
Neuraxis

Neuromuscula
r Junction
Muscle

Cortical Brain
Subcortical Brain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Root
Peripheral Nerve
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History
Assess
Symptoms
Basic description

Location
Quality
Onset
Severity
Exacerbation/palliation
Associated sxs

Disability
Symptoms with ADLs or only with strenuous activity

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History
Other symptoms
Urinary retention
Often frequency or urgency (overflow) in milder
cases

Fecal incontinence
Coordination issues
Clumsiness

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anwar wardy