AIR TRAFFIC ONTROL

Air traffic control(ATC) is a service provided by

ground-basedcontrollerswho directaircrafton the ground
and in the air.
The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is:
toseparateaircraft to prevent collisions
to organize and expedite the flow of traffic
to provide information and other support for pilots when
able.
Air traffic controllersare the people who operate
theair traffic controlsystems to expedite and maintain a
safe and orderly flow ofair traffic and help preventmidair collisions.

Preflight-This portion of the flight starts on the

ground and includes flight checks, push-back from the
gateand taxi to the runway.
Takeof- The pilot powers up the aircraft and speeds
down the runway.
Departure- The plane lifts off the ground and climbs
to a cruising altitude.
En route- The aircraft travels through one or more
center airspaces and nears the destination airport.
Descent- The pilot descends and maneuvers the
aircraft to the destination airport.
Approach- The pilot aligns the aircraft with the
designated landing runway.
Landing- The aircraft lands on the designated runway,
taxis to the destination gate and parks at the terminal.

The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to:

a)

prevent collisions between aircraft.

b)

prevent collisions between aircraft on the maneuvering area and

obstructions on that area.

c) expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.

d) provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient
conduct of flights.
e) notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of
search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as
required.

 Air traffic control service

Area Control Service:
The provision of air traffic control service for controlled
flights, except for those parts of such flights which are under
the jurisdiction of Approach Control or Aerodrome Control to
accomplish following objectives:
a) prevent collisions between aircraft
b) expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic
Approach control service:
The provision of air traffic control service for those parts
of controlled
flights associated with arrival or departure.
Aerodrome control service:
The provision of air traffic control service for aerodrome
traffic, except for those parts of flights which are under the
jurisdiction Approach Control.

 Flight

information service:

Provide advice and information useful for the safe and

efficient conduct of flights.
Alerting

service:

Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of

search and rescue aid and assist such organizations as
required.

Visual flight rules (VFR)are a set of regulations which allow

apilotto operate anaircraftin weather conditions generally clear
enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going.
Specifically, the weather must be better than Basic VFR Weather
Minimums, as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation
authority.
If the weather is worse than VFR minimums, pilots are required to
useInstrument Flight Rules.
Meteorologicalconditions that meet the minimum requirements for
VFR flight are termedvisual meteorological conditions(VMC).
If they are not met, the conditions are considered instrument
meteorological conditions(IMC), and a flight may only operate
under IFR.
VFR rules require a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit, to
control the aircraft'sattitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and
other aircraft.
A VFR flight is "conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules

An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual flight rules

which wishes to change to compliance with the instrument
flight rules shallCommunicate the necessary changes to be effected to its current flight
plan or
Submit a flight plan to the appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a
clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.

Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic control

unit, VFR flights shall not take-off or land at an aerodrome within
a control zone or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic
pattern:

VFR flights shall not be operated between sunset and sunrise,

except when exempted by air traffic control for local flights and
such training flights of flying club aircraft as may be cleared by
air traffic control.
VFR flights can not be operated

When the ceiling is less than 450M(1550 Ft) or

When the ground visibility is less than 5KM.

Above FL50
At transonic and supersonic speeds
More than 100 NM seaward from the shoreline within controlled airspace.

Expect when necessary for take-off or landing or except by

permission from appropriate authority, a VFR flight shall not be
flown

Over congested area of city, town or settlements or over an open-air assembly

of persons at a height less than 300M above the highest obstacle within a
radius of 600M from the aircraft.

Instrument flight rules (IFR)are regulations and procedures

for flyingaircraftby referring only to the aircraft instrument
panel for navigation.
Even if nothing can be seen outside the cockpit windows, an
IFR-rated pilot can fly while looking only at the instrument
panel.
An IFR-rated pilot can also be authorized to fly throughclouds,
usingAir Traffic Controlprocedures designed to maintain
separation from other aircraft.
Training is normally done in simulated IFR conditions with
training aids such as block alls to help a pilot concentrate only
on the instrument panel.
Most scheduled airline flights operate under IFR.
Visual Flight Rules(VFR) are often used for sight-seeing flights,
aerial photography, or lift services for parachute jumping.
Pilots flying under VFR are not permitted to fly through clouds.
Many non-commercial, private recreational aircraft also operate
under VFR whenever the sky is clear.
Under VFR, the pilot is primarily responsible for navigation,
obstacle clearance and maintaining separation from other
aircraft using thesee-and-avoidconcept.

All aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and

navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown.
Except when necessary for take-off or landing or when
specifically authorized by the appropriate authority, an IFR
slight shall be flown at a level that is not below the
established minimum flight altitude or where no such
minimum flight altitude had been established

Over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level which is at

least 600M above the highest obstacle located within 8KM of the
estimated position of the aircraft.
Elsewhere at a level at least 300M above.

An aircraft electing to change the conduct of flight from IFR to

VFR shall notify the app. Air traffic services unit specifically
that the IFR flight is cancelled and communicate the changes
to be made to its current flight plan.
When an a/c operating under IFR is flown in or encounters
visual meteorological conditions, it shall not cancel its IFR
flight rules unless it is anticipated and intended that the flight
will be continued for a reasonable period of time in
interrupted visual meteorological conditions

Based on ATC usage:

Controlled Airspace:
ATC services are provided throughout the majority of

airspace, and its services are available to all users

(private, military, and commercial).
When controllers are responsible for separating some
or all aircraft, such airspace is called "controlled
airspace.

Uncontrolled Airspace:
In contrast to "uncontrolled airspace is the airspace,

where aircraft may fly without the use of the air

traffic control system.

Class D:

IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with air
traffic Control service, IFR flights are separated from other IFR
flights and receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights.
VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.
Airspaces in terminal areas, control areas, control zones and
aerodrome
traffic zones have been classified and designated as class D
airspace.

Class E:

IFR and VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are provided with air
traffic control service and are separated from other IFR flights.
IFR flights receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights, VFR
flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights, as far
as is practical.
Class E is not be used for control zones.
Airspaces in designated ATS routes outside terminal areas, control
areas and control zones, where air traffic control service is provided,
have been classified and designated as class E airspace.

Class F:

IFR and VFR flights are permitted. All IFR flights receive an
air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight
information service, if requested.
Airspaces in designated ATS route segments outside
terminal areas, control areas and control zones, where air
traffic advisory service is provided, have been classified
and designated as class F airspace.

Class G:

IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight

information service if requested.
Airspaces other than those in Class D, E and F have been
classified and designated as class G airspace.

Air traffic control service shall be provided:

a) to all IFR flights in airspace Classes D and E
b) to all VFR flights in airspace Classes D
c) to all special VFR flights
d) to all aerodrome traffic at controlled
aerodromes.