Software Life Cycle

What

Requirements Gathering, Problem definition

How

Analysis and Design (Programming techniques)

Coding

Do it

Testing

Test
Use

Implementation and Maintenance

Coding and Testing

Write Program

Compile Program Errors Correct Errors

Run and Test
Program

Errors

Submit Program

Errors Correct Errors

Success

Correct Errors

How to develop a program

Identify the steps and execution sequence.

Every program consist of mainly three parts:
Input, Processing and Output
Example: Add two numbers
Steps
1. Read/Input two numbers
2. Add these two numbers
3. Display/Output the result of addition

Algorithm : Steps written in English language.

Program : Algorithm written in a specific high
level language.

Algorithm
An Algorithm is a solution to a problem that is
independent of any programming language.
An Algorithm is
a finite sequence of steps
each step shall be clearly stated and
understandable
for each input, it shall terminate in finite time
with output
How we solve the problem with Computer?

Program and Programming

Program:
A set of instruction written in a programming
language that a computer can execute so that the
machine acts in a predetermined way.
Program solves a problem
Before writing a program:
Have a thorough understanding of the problem
Carefully plan an approach for solving it.
Programming:
The Process of providing instructions to the
computer that tells the processor what to do.

Algorithms & Programs

An Algorithm is a solution to a problem
that is independent of any programming
language.
While
A program is an algorithm expressed using
a specific set of instructions from any
programming language.

Algorithm Example

Maximum of two numbers

Steps:
1.Read/input two numbers
2.Compare two numbers
3.Print the Greater number

Average of three numbers

Steps:
1.Read/input three numbers
2.Add three numbers
3. divide the sum by 3.
4.Print the result of divison

Pseudocode
This is a common notation for writing algorithms.
Mixture of English language statement and a
programming language( like C) code.
It is an intermediate step in writing a program.
Not actually executed on computers.
Standard mathematical notations like
exponents,square-root symbols etc. are allowed in
pseudocode.

Rules for pseudo code

The beginning and end of a pseudo code is marked with
keywords START and STOP.
Every variable should be initialized in the beginning only
using INITAILZE
Values from user should be accepted using keyword READ,
and should be display using WRITE.
All alphanumeric values should be enclosed in single or
double quotes.
All the nested loops are: for-do-done, while-do-done
All the control structures are: if-then-else-fi, switch-case.

Examples
Pseudo code to find out the sum of all
odd numbers in the range 1 to 10.
START
INITIALIZE a[10], sum=0,i
for i=1 to 10 do
Read a[i];
if (condition) then
Calculate sum=sum+a[i];
done
Write sum;
STOP

Examples
Pseudo code to find out the maximum number from 20
given numbers.
START
INITIALIZE a[20],max,i;
for i=1 to 20 do
Read a[i];
done
max=a[1];
for i=2 to 20 do
if a[i]>max then
Assign max=a[i];
done
Write max;
STOP

Practice Example
Write an algorithm for the given problem:
10 students of a class appears for a test in three
subjects. Each test is out of 100 marks. The percentage
of each student has to be calculated and depending on
the percentage calculated, grades are given below:

Percentage

Grade

> =80

60-79

<=59

Flowchart
Graphical representation of an algorithm
Components:
Arrows/lines :Flow of control
Parallelogram: Indicates input and output
operations
Rectangle symbol (action symbol): Indicates
any type of action/computational step
Oval symbol:Indicates the beginning or end
of a program or a section of code
Diamond: Decision

Flowchart Notations
Arrows
Diamond
Parallelogram

Rectangle

Oval

Example: Add two Numbers

START

READ
A,B

C=A+B

PRINT
C

STOP

Draw both flow chart and pseudo

code
You are required to calculate area of
circle and rectangle.
Accept from user the figure and then
accordingly calculate and display.

Pseudo code
label 1:

START
INITIALIZE FIG, area=0;
READ FIG ;
IF FIG = circle
CALL CIR_ROUTINE ;
ELSE
IF FIG=rectangle
CALL RECT_ROUTINE ;
ELSE
GOTO label 1;
ENDIF
ENDIF
WRITE area of figure, area;
STOP

CIR_ROUTINE
INITIALIZE radius=0;
READ radius;
CALCULATE area = 3.14 *
radius * radius;
RETURN to Calling
procedure

RECT_ROUTINE
INITIALIZE length=0,
width=0;
READ length,width;
CALCULATE area =
length*width;
RETURN to Calling
procedure

Flow Chart
READ
FIG

START

other

FIG?

rectangle

READ
LENGTH
& WIDTH

circle
READ
RADIUS

AREA=LENGTH * WIDTH

AREA=3.14*RADIUS * RADIUS

PRINT
AREA
STOP

Problems
GCD of three numbers
Calculate 2n
Roots of equation ax2+bx+c=0
Largest of N numbers
Generate the fibonacci series