Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Physical Features
Physical Features
As with all external flows, the boundary layers develop freely without constraint.
Boundary layer conditions may be entirely laminar, laminar and turbulent,
or entirely turbulent.
To determine the conditions, compute
u L u L
Re L
and compare with the critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence, Re x , c .
Re L Re x , c laminar flow throughout
Re L Re x , c transition to turbulent flow at xc / L Re x ,c / Re L
Similarity Solution
y u / x
1/ 2
f
0
2
d
2 d
5.0
u / vx
u
- with s
y
1/ 2
5x
Re1/x 2
u
y 0
and d 2 f / d 2
C f ,x
d2 f
u / vx
d 2
0.332,
s, x
1/ 2
0.664
Re
x
u2 / 2
- with hx qs / Ts T k T * / y
and dT * / d
and
Nu x
y 0
k u / vx
hx x
0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
k
Pr1/ 3
t
1/ 2
dT * / d
How would you characterize relative laminar velocity and thermal boundary layer
growth for a gas? An oil? A liquid metal?
How do the local shear stress and convection coefficient vary with distance from
the leading edge?
Average Boundary Layer Parameters:
s, x
Cf ,x
hx
1 x
0 s dx
x
1.328 Re x1/ 2
1 x
hx dx
x 0
Ts T
2
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent Flow
Local Parameters:
Empirical
Correlations
C f , x 0.0592 Re x 1/ 5
Nu x 0.0296 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3
How do variations of the local shear stress and convection coefficient with
distance from the leading edge for turbulent flow differ from those for laminar flow?
Average Parameters:
1 xc
L
hL
0 h1am dx xc hturb dx
L
Special Cases
For both uniform surface temperature (UST) and uniform surface heat flux (USF),
the effect of the USL on the local Nusselt number may be represented as follows:
Laminar
Nu x
Nu x 0
b
1 / x a
Nu x 0 C Re mx Pr1/ 3
Turbulent
UST
USF
UST
USF
3/4
3/4
9/10
9/10
1/3
1/3
1/9
1/9
0.332
0.453
0.0296
0.0308
1/2
1/2
4/5
4/5
UST:
qs hx Ts T q hL As Ts T
L
2 p 1 / 2 p 2
Nu L Nu L
1 / L
0 L
2 p / 2 p 1
1 xc
h1am dx xL hturb dx
c
L
q qs As
Problem 7.21: Preferred orientation (corresponding to lower heat loss) and the
corresponding heat rate for a surface with adjoining smooth and
roughened
sections.
4/5
4/5
6
Since Nu L,2 0.037 1.04 10
0.7 1/ 3 2139 Nu L,1 , it follows that the lowest heat
q 2 12.1W / m 2 K 1m
300
20 C 6780 W