Group 1

Ghulam Rasoul Bughti

Saqib Javed
Matiullah Khan
Zulqarnain Akram
Khizar Ali
Mobeen Tahir

PARTS AND TYPES OF DAMS;

DAMS OF PAKISTAN

DAMS
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly
impervious material built across a river to
create a reservoir on its upstream side for
impounding water for various purposes.

Parts of Dams
Abutment:
The part of the valley side against which the dam is
constructed. May also refer to an artificial abutment
sometimes constructed as a concrete wall. Right and left
abutments are those on respective sides as an observer
when viewed looking downstream.

Embankment:
Fill material, usually earth or rock, placed with sloping sides.

Face:
With reference to a structure, the external surface that limits
the structure, e.g., the face of the wall or dam.

Parts of Dams
Foundation of dam:
The natural material on which the dam structure is placed.

Gate:
In general, a device in which a leaf or member is moved
across the waterway from an external position to control or
stop the flow.

Heel of dam:
The junction of the upstream face of a gravity or arch dam
with the foundation surface. In the case of an embankment
dam the junction is referred to as the upstream toe of the
dam.

Parts of Dams
Intake:
Any structure in a reservoir, dam, or river through which water
can be drawn into an outlet pipe, flume, etc.

Outlet:
An opening through which water can be freely discharged for a
particular purpose from a reservoir.

Low level outlet (bottom outlet):

An opening at a low level from the reservoir generally used for
emptying the impoundment.
Drawdown:
The resultant lowering of water surface level due to release of
water from the reservoir.

Parts of Dams
Pervious zone:
A part of the cross section of an embankment dam comprising material of high
permeability.
Riprap:
A layer of large uncoursed stones, broken rock, or precast blocks placed in
random fashion on the upstream slope of an embankment dam, on a reservoir
shore, or on the sides of a channel as a protection against wave and ice action.
Seepage collar:
A projecting collar usually of concrete or steel built around the outside of a
pipe, tunnel, or conduit, under an embankment dam, to lengthen the seepage
path along the outer surface of the conduit.
Spillway:
A structure over or through which flood flows are discharged. If the flow is
controlled by gates, it is considered a controlled spillway.

Parts of Dams
Structural height:
The vertical distance from the lowest point of natural ground
on the downstream side of the dam to the highest part of the
dam which would impound water.
Toe of dam:
The junction of the downstream face of a dam with the
natural ground surface. This is also referred to as the
downstream toe. For an embankment dam the junction of the
upstream face with ground surface is called the upstream toe.
Top of dam:
The elevation of the upper most surface of a dam, usually a
road or walkway, excluding any parapet wall, railings, etc.

Parts of Dams
Top thickness (top width):

The thickness or width of a dam at the top of the dam. In

general, the term thickness is used for gravity and arch
dams, width is used for other dams.
Training wall:
A wall built to confine or guide the flow of water.

Trash rack:
A screen comprising metal or reinforced concrete bars
located in the water

Parts of Dams

Parts of Dams

Types of Dams
Based on purpose
Storage dam or impounding dam
It is constructed to create a reservoir to store water during periods
when there is huge flow in the river (in excess of demand) for
utilisation later during periods of low flow (demand exceeds flow in the
river). Water stored in the reservoir is used for irrigation, power
generation, water supply etc. By suitable operation, it can also serve
as a detention dam.
Detention dam
It is primarily constructed to temporarily detain all or part of the flood
water in a river and to gradually release the stored water later at
controlled rates so that the entire region on the downstream side of
the dam is protected from possible damage due to floods. It may also
be used as a storage dam.

Types of Dams
Diversion dam
It is constructed to divert part of or all the water from a river
into a conduit or a channel. For diverting water from a river
into an irrigation canal, mostly a diversion weir is
constructed across the river.
Coffer dam
It is a temporary dam constructed to exclude water from a
specific area. It is constructed on the u/s side of the site
where a dam is to be constructed so that the site is dry. In
this case, it behaves like a diversion dam.
Debris dam
It is constructed to catch and retain debris flowing in a river.

Types of Dams
Based on hydraulic design
Overflow dam or overfall dam
It is constructed with a crest to permit overflow of surplus water that
cannot be retained in the reservoir. Generally dams are not designed
as overflow dams for its entire length. Diversion weirs of small height
may be designed to permit overflow over its entire length.

Non-overflow dam
It is constructed such that water is not allowed to overflow over its
crest.
In most cases, dams are so designed that part of its length is designed
as an overflow dam (this part is called the spillway) while the rest of
its length is designed as a non-overflow dam. In some cases, these
two sections are not combined.

Types of Dams
Based on material of construction
Rigid dam
It is constructed with rigid material such as stone, masonry, concrete,
steel, or timber. Steel dams (steel plates supported on inclined struts) and
timber dams (wooden planks supported on a wooden framework) are
constructed only for small heights (rarely).

Non-rigid dam (embankment dams)

It is constructed with non-rigid material such as earth, tailings, rockfill etc.
Earthen dam gravel, sand, silt, clay etc
Tailings dam waste or refuse obtained from mines
Rockfill dam rock material supporting a water tight material on the u/s
face
Rockfill composite dam Rockfill on the d/s side and earth fill on the u/s
side

Types of Dams
Based on structural
behavior
Gravity dam
It is a masonry or concrete dam which resists the forces
acting on it by its own weight. Its is approximately triangular
in shape.
Solid gravity dam Its body consists of a solid mass of
masonry or concrete
Hollow gravity dam It has hollow spaces within its body.
Most gravity dams are straight solid gravity dams.

Types of Dams
Buttress dam
It consists of water retaining sloping membrane or deck on
the u/s which is supported by a series of buttresses. These
buttresses are in the form of equally spaced triangular
masonry or reinforced concrete walls or counterforts. In
general, the structural behavior of a buttress dam is similar
to that of a gravity dam.
Embankment dam
It is a non-rigid dam which resists the forces acting on it by
its shear strength and to some extent also by its own weight
(gravity). Its structural behavior is in many ways different
from that of a gravity dam.

Earth or rock

Dams of Pakistan

Tarbela Dam

The worlds largest earth filled dam.

Built in 1976 at a cost of 18.5 billion and almost 15000 pakistani and 800 foreign workers
worked on its construction.
It has the capacity of generating 3,478 mw of electricity
It has a reservoir which is 97 km long and has a depth of 137 meters.

Mangla Dam

The worlds third largest earth filled dam

The dam is located 115 km southeast of rawalpindi and is 3,353 meters long and 116
meters high form the river bed.
This dam was built, just like the tarbela dam, as a result of the indus basin treaty of
pakistan and india in 1960.
The dam has an elevation crest of 1,234 feet and is designed to store 5.88 MAF of water
that is used for generating power.
A gakkhar fort is built at the centre of the dam form a panoramic view of the lake can be
viewed.
On the right side of the dam there are two spillways one of which has the capacity of
900,000 cusecs while the second is an emergency spillway.

Dams of Pakistan
Khanpur Dam

Khanpur is constructed on the beautiful Haro River located 48 km from Islamabad.

The Khanpur dam is a multipurpose dam which not only provides electricity to KPK but
also provides drinking and irrigation water to Islamabad, Rawalpindi and many other
cities of Punjab.
The construction of the dam started in 1963 and was completely built in 1983 costing
nearly Rs 1352 million.
The dam is almost 167 feet high and has the capacity to store 106,000 acres of water.
It nearly supplies 110 cusecs water for electricity and 87 cusecs for irrigation and
drinking water.

Warsak Dam

The Warsak dam is a huge, gigantic dam built on the Kabul River and is situated 30 km
northwest of Peshawar.
It is a multipurpose 250 feet high and 460 feet long having a reservoir of 4 square
miles and a storage capacity of 25,300 acre of water.
It has a generating capacity of 240,000 KW and gives water for irrigation to 110,000
acres of land.
It provides electricity to KPK and some areas of Punjab

Dams of Pakistan

Misriot Dam
Misriot dam is a small dam built on an artificial lake
located 12 km south west of Rawalpindi.
Misriot dam has a small storage capacity and mostly
provides water for irrigation and drinking to small villages
and towns around the lake.
Tanaza Dam
Tanaza Dam just like the Misriot dam is a small dam with a
small storing capacity.
It is built on a lake located 35 km south west of
Rawalpindi on the Dhamial Road.

Thankyo
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