Lesson 2.

1
Cell structure and function

Disediakan oleh:
NUR SUHAIDAH SUKOR
SMK SANDAKAN, SABAH

Introduction
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things.
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
All cells have certain structures in common.
1. genetic material in a nucleoid or nucleus
2. cytoplasm a semifluid matrix
3. plasma membrane a phospholipid bilayer

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Nucleus
Spherical
stores the genetic
material. DNA is
organized with
proteins to form
chromatin.
Func: controls all
activities of cell.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(RER)
Membranes that create a
network of channels
throughout the cytoplasm
Attachment of ribosomes
to the membrane gives a
rough appearance.
Synthesis of proteins to
be secreted, sent to
lysosomes or plasma
membrane
6

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(SER)
Relatively few
ribosomes
attached.
Functions:
-synthesis of
membrane
lipids
-detoxification
of drugs
7

RER & SER

Golgi Apparatus
Flattened stacks of
interconnected
membranes.
Packaging and
distribution of
materials to different
parts of the cell.
Lysosome are
formed through
budding of vesicles.
9

Golgi
apparatus

10

Lysosomes
-membrane bound vesicles
-containing digestive enzymes to
break down macromolecules
-destroy cells or foreign matter that
the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis

11

Lysosom
es
12

Vacuoles
spherical or oval

shaped filled with fluid.

cell sap contains
sugar, salts, amino acid
and waste substances.
bounded by semipermeable membrane
called tonoplast.
There are different
types of vacuoles:
-contractile
vacuole
-food vacuole
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
-cylindrical shape
-two layers of membrane (inner
membrane is folded)
Func site for cellular respiration.
-oxidise glucose to release energy
in the form of ATP.
14

Mitochondria

15

Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
-Disc shaped organelle bounded by
two membranes.
-grana are stacks in the stroma
-granum contain chlorophyl

16

Chloroplasts

17

Cell wall
Structure
-rigid outer layer of plant cell
-made of cellulose
-permeable
Func mantains the shape of plant cell
-protects the cell from brusting
-give support to the cell

Cytoplasma
Structure jelly like medium
Func place for biochemical reactions
Centrioles
Structure small cylindrical structures
Func form spindle fibers
-synthesis cilia and flagella of
small organism.

Plasma Membrane
Structure
-thin, semi permeable membrane.
-consists of protein, phospholipids.
Function
-regulates and control the movement
of substances in and out of cell.

The density of certain organelles

related to its function
Types of cells

Function

Density of
certain
organelles

Sperm cell

To swim towards
fallopian tube to
fertilise the ovum

Mitochondria need
to produce energy

Flight muscles
insect and bird

For movement

Mitochondria

Cells in meristem

For growth, produce

new cells

mitochondria

Palisade mesophyll photosynthesis

cells

Chloroplast

Liver cells

Detoxification of
drugs

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Pancreatic cells

Produce enzymes

Rough endoplasmic