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R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
Objectives
In this chapter, the trainee will learn :
ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS.
Applications of Optic Fibres.
Transmission Sequence in FOTS.
THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF FIBRE OPTICS.
Construction of O.F.Cable.
Types of Fibres.
Attenuation in fibres.
Numerical Aperture, Dispersion and Band width of
fibres.
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II.
III.
IV.
Electromagnetic Immunity :
-
No radiated energy.
Future upgradability.
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VII. Security
- Extremely difficult to tap a fibre as it does
energy
- Highly secure transmission medium.
not radiate
IX.
Universal medium
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Transmission Sequence
8000
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Transmission Sequence
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
n1
n2
2
n1
n2
Angle of
reflection
n1
n2
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Jacket
Cladding
Core
Cladding (n2)
Core (n2)
Cladding
Jacket
Light at less than
Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre
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Construction of O.F.Cable.
An Optical fibre consists of a core of
optically transparent material usually
silica or borosilicate glass surrounded by
a cladding of the same material but a
slightly lower refractive index.
Fibre themselves have exceedingly small
diameters. Figure shows cross section of
the core and cladding diameters of
commonly used fibres. The diameters of
the core and cladding are as follows
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Construction of O.F.Cable.Contd
125 8
125 62.5
125 50
Core
125 100
Cladding
Core (m)
Cladding ( m)
125
50
125
62.5
125
100
140
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Fibre types
There are three types of fibres :
1. Multimode Step Index fibre (Step Index fibre)
2. Multimode graded Index fibre (Graded Index
fibre)
3. Single- Mode Step Index fibre (Single Mode
Fibre)
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2.
3.
4.
15
So, the farther the light is from the center axis, the grater
is its speed. Each layer of the core refracts the light.
Instead of being sharply reflected as it is in a step index
fibre, the light is now bent or continuously refracted in an
almost sinusoidal pattern.
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Input
Pulse
Output
Pulse
High order
Mode
Dispersion
Refractive
Index Profile
n1
n2
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n1
n2
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ATTENUATION
INTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to inherent or within the fibre.
Intrinsic attenuation may occur as
(I) Absorption - Natural Impurities in the glass
absorb light energy.
Light
Ray
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ATTENUATION
Scattering - Light rays travelling in the core
reflect from small imperfections into a new
pathway that may be lost through the cladding.
Light is lost
Light
Ray
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EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to external sources.
Extrinsic attenuation may occur as
Macro bending - The fibre is sharply
bent so that the light travelling down
the fibre cannot make the turn & is lost
in the cladding.
Micro bending Micro bending or small
bends in the fibre caused by crushing
contraction etc. These bends may not
be visible with the naked eye.
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EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION
Micro bend
Micro bend
Micro bend
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DISPERSION
It is defined as the spreading of light
pulse as it travels down the fibre.
ecause of the spreading effect, pulses
tend
to
overlap,
making
them
unreadable by the receiver.
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BANDWIDTH
It is defined as the spreading of light
pulse as it travels down the fibre.
ecause of the spreading effect, pulses
tend
to
overlap,
making
them
unreadable by the receiver.
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NUMBERICAL APERTURE
NA = n12 - n22
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Dispersion
26
A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHzsignal can be transmitted for 1 km. It means that the
product of frequency and the length must be 400 or
less. We can send a lower frequency for a longer
distance, i.e. 200 MHz for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km.
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A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHzsignal can be transmitted for 1 km. It means that the
product of frequency and the length must be 400 or
less. We can send a lower frequency for a longer
distance, i.e. 200 MHz for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km.
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Thank You
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