Introduction

What is an
electric motor?
An electric motor converts electrical power to
mechanical power in its rotor.

Introduction

What are the two

types of motor?
AC and DC. They differentiate from the power
that is supplied. One uses AC while the other DC.

Introduction

What is a DC
motor?
A DC is a type of motor where power is supplied
to the rotating device by means of
electromagnetic induction.

Introduction

What are the

main types of AC
Motor?
There are two main types of AC motors i.e.
synchronous and induction motor we will focus
on the latter.

Introduction

What is an
induction motor?
An induction motor is a type of AC motor where
power is supplied to the rotating device by
means of electromagnetic induction.

Introduction

These are perhaps the most important form of AC motor

Rather than use slip rings to pass current to the field
coils in the rotor, current is induced in the rotor by
transformer action
The stator is similar to that in a synchronous motor
The rotor is simply a set of parallel conductors shorted
together at either end by two conducting rings

Introduction

Who created the

induction motor?
Nikola Tesla

Induction Motor
Construction

It is the most widely used electrical motor.

Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is
provided by three phase induction motor because of its
simple and rugged construction, low cost, good operating
characteristics, absence of commutator and good speed
regulation.
In three phase induction motor, the power is transferred
from stator to rotor winding through induction.

Induction Motor
3-Phase

Like all motors the Induction Motors consist of two

major parts.
Stator : The stator is the stationary electrical
component it is built by putting together iron layers
forming a group of individual magnets arranged in
such a way that they form a hollow cylinder with one
pole of each magnet facing the center this is usually
made of cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel to
reduce hysteresis and eddy current loss the periphery
of this cylindrical stator is provided with a number of
slots.
A Three-Phase copper winding is distributed among
these slots that when a Three-Phase power is supplied
a rotating magnetic field is produced this magnetic
field rotates at a synchronous speed.

Induction Motor
3-Phase

Induced
Rotating Magnetic
Field
Three-Phase
Power
Slots

Winding
s

Induction Motor
3-Phase

Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the three phase induction motor
consists of three main parts :
Stator frame,
Stator core,
Stator winding or field winding.

Induction Motor

Stator frame
It is the outer most part of the three phase induction
motor. Its main function is to support the stator core and
the field winding. It acts as a covering and it provide
protection and mechanical strength to all the inner parts
of the induction motor. The frame is either made up of die
cast or fabricated steel. The frame of three phase
induction motor should be very strong and rigid as the air
gap length of three phase induction motor is very small,
otherwise rotor will not remain concentric with stator,
which will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.

3-Phase

Induction Motor
3-Phase

Stator core
The main function of the stator core is to carry the
alternating flux. In order to reduce the eddy
current loss, the stator core is laminated. These
laminated types of structure are made up of
stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All
the stamping are stamped together to form stator
core, which is then housed in stator frame. The
stamping is generally made up of silicon steel,
which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss
occurring in motor.

Induction Motor
3-Phase
Stator Winding or Field Winding
The slots on the periphery of stator core of
the three phase induction motor carries
three phase windings. This three phase
winding is supplied by three phase ac
supply. The three phases of the winding are
connected either in star or delta depending
upon which type of starting method is used.
The squirrel cage motor is mostly started
by star delta starter and hence the stator
of squirrel cage motor is delta connected.
The slip ring three phase induction motor
are started by inserting resistances so, the
stator winding of slip ring induction motor
can be connected either in star or delta.
The winding wound on the stator of three
phase induction motor is also called field
winding and when this winding is excited by
three phase ac supply it produces a rotating
magnetic field.

Induction Motor

Rotor: is the rotating electrical component of the

motor and is connected to the mechanical load
through the shaft. Its rotation is due to the
interaction between the windings and magnetic
fields which produces a torque around the rotor's
axis. The rotor is locatedConductor
inside the stator.

Rotor

Shaft

Stator

Induction Motor
Rotor: is the rotating electrical component of the motor and is connected
to the mechanical load through the shaft. Its rotation is due to the
interaction between the windings and magnetic fields which produces a
torque around the rotor's axis. The rotor is located inside the stator.
The rotor of the three phase induction motor is further classified as:
Squirrel cage rotor,
Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
The other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor, are:
Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of
steel.
Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat
during its rotation. In order to overcome this problem we need fan for
cooling.
For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually
varies from 0.4 mm to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.

Induction Motor

Squirrel-cage induction motor

Induction Motor
Initially when the rotor is inactive the flux of the rotating
magnetic field cuts every solid conductor of the rotor. As the
rotor conductors are stationary a sinusoidal stator field is
rotating, there will be a change in flux linkage with the rotor
conductors. As a result there will be an induced current in the
rotor conductors as per Faradays Law of electromagnetic
induction. Whenever this current starts flowing through the
conductor, it reacts with the magnetic field.
A current carrying conductor inside a magnetic field experiences
a mechanical force hence the mechanical force will be
experienced by the rotor conductors due to this force the rotor
will start rotating inside the stator the rotor will try to achieve
the speed of the rotating magnetic field once the rotor achieves
the speed of rotating magnetic field there will be no relative
speed difference between the rotor and the rotating magnetic
field hence no current will be induced. That means at that
condition no mechanical force acts on the rotor hence it
decelerates. As the rotor decelerates there will be a speed
difference between the rotor and magnetic field and due to this
event will begin accelerating again. (Fig 1-A)

3-Phase
How it
Work
s

Induction Motor
3-Phase
How it
Work
s

Fig 1 A

Due to this phenomenon the rotor will never raise

the speed of the rotating magnetic field and the
rotor will not stop rotating till the Three-Phase
power is there in the stator. The rotor rotation
speed is slightly lower than the magnetic field.

Induction Motor
3-Phase
Squirrel cage three phase induction motor: The rotor of the squirrel
cage three phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape and have slots on
its periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit
skewed (skewing is not shown in the figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside)
as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and
makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage
rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is
shown in the figure beside). These aluminum, brass or copper bars are
called rotor conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the
rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or
aluminum rings called the end rings. In order to provide mechanical
strength these rotor conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form
a complete closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name
as "squirrel cage induction motor". The squirrel cage rotor winding is
made symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the
rotor resistance is very small and it is not possible to add external
resistance as the bars are permanently shorted. The absence of slip ring
and brushes make the construction of Squirrel cage three phase induction
motor very simple and robust and hence widely used three phase
induction motor. These motors have the advantage of adapting any
number of pole pairs. The below diagram shows squirrel cage induction
rotor having aluminum bars short circuit by aluminum end rings.

Types

Induction Motor
3-Phase

Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotorIts construction is very simple and rugged.
As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors
requires less maintenance.
Applications: Squirrel cage induction motor is used
in lathes, drilling machine, fan, blower printing
machines etc.

Types

Induction Motor
3-Phase
Slip ring or wound three phase induction motor: In this type of
three phase induction motor the rotor is wound for the same number of
poles as that of stator but it has less number of slots and has less turns
per phase of a heavier conductor. The rotor also carries star or delta
winding similar to that of stator winding. The rotor consists of numbers
of slots and rotor winding are placed inside these slots. The three end
terminals are connected together to form star connection. As its name
indicates three phase slip ring induction motor consists of slip rings
connected on same shaft as that of rotor. The three ends of three phase
windings are permanently connected to these slip rings. The external
resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and slip rings
and hence used for speed control and improving the starting torque of
three phase induction motor. The brushes are used to carry current to
and from the rotor winding. These brushes are further connected to
three phase star connected resistances. At starting, the resistance are
connected in rotor circuit and is gradually cut out as the rotor pick up its
speed. When the motor is running the slip ring are shorted by
connecting a metal collar, which connect all slip ring together and the
brushes are also removed. This reduces wear and tear of the brushes.
Due to presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor construction
becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less used as compare to
squirrel cage induction motor.

Types

Induction Motor
3-Phase

Advantages of slip ring induction motor - It has

high starting torque and low starting current.
Possibility of adding additional resistance to control
speed.
Application:
Slip ring induction motor are used where high
starting torque is required i.e in hoists, cranes,
elevator etc.

Types

Induction Motor
1-Phase

Single-phase induction motors are used the

most when it comes to the usage induction
motors today. This type of AC motor is the least
expensive and requires the lowest maintenance,
and thus is used the most. Single-phase
induction motors use concise type of wire loops
on a frame and attain their torque from currents
stimulated in these loops by the altering
magnetic field formed in the stator (stationary)
twirls.
The Voltage that is induced in the coil results in
a formation of a clockwise torque unlike the 3phase induction motor, the stator frame in the
single phase motor does not revolve. Instead it
merely alternates divergence between poles as
the AC voltage changes polarization.

How it
Work
s

Induction Motor
1-Phase

When single phase ac supply is given to the stator

winding of single phase induction motor, the
alternating current starts flowing through the stator
or main winding. This alternating current produces
an alternating flux called main flux. This main flux
also links with the rotor conductors and hence cut
the rotor conductors. According to the Faradays
law of electromagnetic induction, emf gets induced
in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the
current starts flowing in the rotor. This current is
called the rotor current. This rotor current produces
its own flux called rotor flux. Since this flux is
produced due to induction principle so, the motor
working on this principle got its name as induction
motor. Now there are two fluxes one is main flux
and another is called rotor flux. These two fluxes
produce the desired torque which is required by the
motor to rotate. (Fig 2-A)

How it
Work
s

Induction Motor
1-Phase

When single phase ac supply is given to the stator

winding of single phase induction motor, the
alternating current starts flowing through the stator
or main winding. This alternating current produces
an alternating flux called main flux. This main flux
also links with the rotor conductors and hence cut
the rotor conductors. According to the Faradays
law of electromagnetic induction, emf gets induced
in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the
current starts flowing in the rotor. This current is
called the rotor current. This rotor current produces
its own flux called rotor flux. Since this flux is
produced due to induction principle so, the motor
working on this principle got its name as induction
motor. Now there are two fluxes one is main flux
and another is called rotor flux. These two fluxes
produce the desired torque which is required by the
motor to rotate. (Fig 2-A)

How it
Work
s

Induction Motor
1-Phase

Due to this some iterations of the Single Phase

Induction motors are not self-starting by nature
because the two fluxes cancel each other out
hence there is no net torque. But when it is
moved the phases go out of equilibrium and one
flux produces more torque than the other hence
retaining the speed. (Double Revolving Field
Theory)
A simple solution to this is to create an auxiliary
winding from the first one to reinforce a specific
flux and add a capacitor to cancel out of the flux
hence you get one strong big flux that makes
the Single-phase Motor a self-starting motor.

How it
Work
s

Induction Motor
1-Phase
How it
Work
s

Fig 2-A

Resulting to a non-self starting motor

Induction Motor
1-Phase
Note:
Single-phase induction motorsare not self-starting without an
auxiliary stator winding driven by an out of phase current of
near 90o. Once started the auxiliary winding is optional.
The auxiliary winding of apermanent-split capacitor motorhas
a capacitor in series with it during starting and running.
Acapacitor-start induction motor only has a capacitor in series
with the auxiliary winding during starting.
Acapacitor-run motortypically has a large non-polarized
electrolytic capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding for
starting, then a smaller non-electrolytic capacitor during
running.
The auxiliary winding of aresistance split-phase
motordevelops a phase difference versus the main winding
during starting by virtue of the difference in resistance.

How it
Work
s

Comparison
and
Comparison between Single Phase and Three
Phase Induction Motors

Single phase induction motors are simple in

construction, reliable and economical for small
power rating as compared to three phase
induction motors.
The electrical power factor of single phase
induction motors is low as compared to three
phase induction motors.
For same size, the single phase induction motors
develop about 50% of the output as that of three
phase induction motors.
The starting torque is also low for asynchronous
motors.
The efficiency of single phase induction motors
is less as compare it to the three phase
induction motors.
Three phase induction motor (self starting in
nature)
Single phase induction motor (not self starting)

Contrast

Questions

What are the

techniques used
to produce a
desired speed?
The most commonly used technique is Pulse Width
Modulation in which a DC signal is switched on and off very
rapidly, producing a sequence of electrical pulses to the
inductor windings.

Questions

Difference
between DC
motors and
Induction Motors
The induction motor has no brushes and is easy to control,
many older DC motors are being replaced with induction
motors and accompanying inverters in industrial applications.

What is the
difference
between
Synchronous and
Induction Motors?

Questions

Induction Motors are asynchronous and

Synchronous motors are well.. Synchronous.

Questions

How an Induction
Motor is started? Why
the Starter is used?
When the motor is started, the slip is equal to 1 as the rotor
speed is zero, so the induced emf in the rotor is large. As a
result, a very high current flows through the rotor. This is similar
to a transformer with the secondary coil short circuited, which
causes the primary coil to draw a high current from the mains.
Similarly, when an induction motor starts, a very high current is
drawn by the stator, on the order of 5 to 9 times the full load
current. This high current can damage the motor windings and
because it causes heavy line voltage drop, other appliances
connected to the same line may be affected by the voltage
fluctuation. To avoid such effects, the starting current should be
limited. A soft startstarter is a device which limits the starting
current by providing reduced voltage to the motor. Once the
rotor speed increases, the full rated voltage is given to it.

Questions

Induction Motor
= Rotating
Transformer
Why?
An induction motor is sometimes called arotating
transformerbecause thestator in essence the primary
side of the transformer and the rotor is the secondary side.

References:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternat
ing-current/chpt-13/single-phase-induction-motors
/
http://
www.slideshare.net/vashielectricals/induction-mot
orits2maintypes
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems, Pearson
Education Limited, 2004
http://www.electrical4u.com/construction-of-threephase-induction-motor/