ME 227 LECTURE (PART 3)

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CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain

The stresses in a beam are given by the flexure and shear formulas
(=My/I and = VQ/Ib). The stresses calculated from these formulas
act on cross sections of the members, but larger stresses may occur
on inclined sections. Therefore, we will begin our analysis of
stresses and strains by discussing methods for finding the normal
and shear stresses acting on inclined sections cut through a member.
We have already derived expressions for the normal and shear
stresses acting on inclined sections in uniaxial stress.

In the case of uniaxial stress, we found that the maximum shear

stresses occur on planes inclined at 45 to the axis, whereas the
maximum normal stresses occur on the cross sections.

Analysis of Stress and Strain

Stresses are not vectors. This fact can sometimes be confusing,
because we customarily represent stresses by arrows just as we
represent force vectors by arrows.
Although the arrows used to represent stresses have magnitude and
direction, they are not vectors because they do not combine
according to the parallelogram law of addition. Instead, stresses are
much more complex quantities than are vectors, and in mathematics
they are called tensors.
Other

tensor

quantities

moments of inertia.

in

mechanics

are

strains

and

Analysis of Stress and Strain

When the material is in plane stress in the xy
plane, only the x and y faces of the element are
subjected to stresses, and all stresses act parallel to
the x and y axes.
A normal stress has a subscript that
identifies the face on which the stress acts. The
sign convention for normal stresses is the
familiar one, namely, tension is positive and
compression is negative.
A shear stress has two subscriptsthe first subscript denotes the
face on which the stress acts, and the second gives the direction on that
face.
A shear stress is positive when the directions associated with its subscripts
are plus-plus or minus-minus; the stress is negative when the directions are
plus-minus or minus-plus.
from
equilibrium
element:

of

the

Stresses on Inclined Sections

Two Dimensional View of Plane-Stress Wedge-Shaped Stress

Element

The shear stresses acting on all four side faces of an element in plane stress
are known if we determine the shear stress acting on any one of those faces.

Stresses on Inclined Sections

Area of the left-hand side face : A0 ;
Normal and shear forces
Area of the bottom face

: xA0 and xyA0;

:A0tan;

Area of the inclined face

: A0 sec.
Normal and shear forces acting on those faces have
the magnitudes and directions shown in Fig.
By summing forces in the x1 direction:

hat if =00 or 900??

Transformation Equations for Plane Stress

me Trigonometric Identities:
If these substitutions are made, the equations of Stresses on Inclined
Sections become:
These equations are
called the
transformation
equations for plane
stress.
By substituting +90 for .

Summing the expressions for x1 and y1

Special Case I (Uniaxial Stress)

(All stresses acting on the element are zero except for the normal
stress x)
Special Case II (Pure Shear)
(x = 0 and y = 0)
Special Case III (Biaxial Stress)
(Element is subjected to normal stresses in both the x and y
directions but
without any shear stresses)
A plane-stress condition exists at a point on the
surface of a loaded structure, where the stresses
have the magnitudes and directions shown on the
stress element of Fig. at right. Determine the
stresses acting on an element that is oriented at a
clockwise angle of 15 with respect to the original
element.
Results can be verified by substituting =75 and by
the equation x1 + y1 = x + y.

Principal Stresses

the principal stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes.

Since:
Principal Stresses:

Principal Angles

Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes

tting x1y1 = 0 and solving:

The shear stresses are zero on the principal planes.

Maximum Shear Stresses

Comparison
Shows:

Planes of maximum shear stress

occur at 45 to the principal planes

OR
the maximum shear
stress is equal to
one-half
the
difference
of
the

Review of Class Test - 02

Calculation for Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

Calculate the value of S.F. by intensity of load

and:

Join the line of forces by:

Calculate the value of B.M. by intensity of
moment and:

Join the line of B.M. by:

Review of Class Test - 03

It seems you know, but you cannot write!!

No one could answer the both questions properly. Some

Very few are
derived the equation properly but couldnt answer the math.
very partially
much
Other solve the math
but couldnt derive the
weak.
For
equation. I do not think
the time was
insufficient.

them, Please
be careful and
None could solve the math completely!!
try
more.
Otherwise you
Understanding
is not the main problem.
will
be in great
You cannot keep your brain cool in exam
problem.
and there is lack of preparation. Please

My
Assessment:

write down all the derivations and solve

each type of problem by yourselves
following the steps.

Review of the Relations before the MOHRs Circle

Transformation
equations
for
plane stress:

Principal Stresses:
Principal Angles:
Maximum
Stresses:

Shear

The shear stresses are zero on the principal

planes.
Planes of maximum shear stress
occur at 45 to the principal
planes

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

(1)

(2) (1)2 + (2)2

Considering:

which is the equation

form. The coordinates
and the center of the
and x1y1 = 0.
Why MOHRs Circle??

Equations of Mohrs
Circle

of a circle in standard algebraic

are x1 and x1y1, the radius is R,
circle has coordinates x1 = aver
If stresses x , y, and xy
acting on the x and y planes of
an element in plane stress are

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

With the circle drawn, we can determine the stresses
x1, y1, and x1y1
acting on an inclined element;

Also the principal stresses and maximum shear

stresses can be obtained
from the circle.

Construction of Mohrs
Circle

B ( = 90)

( x , y, and xy are known)

xy

x1

xy
A ( = 0)

x1y1

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

Calculate the stresses x1, y1, and x1y1 for

inclination

R Cos

R Sin

y1

B ( = 90)
y
D
( =
xy +90)

x1
x1y
xy
1

D ( = )
A ( = 0)

x1y1

x1

Finally the stress-transformation equations for x1 and x1y1

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

Principal Stresses, Principal Angles and Maximum Shear
Stresses
1

B ( = 90)
y

P2

P1
2 P1

S1

x1

x1y1

=R

S2

A ( = 0)

xy

2 P1 = (2 + )

Solving the Problems

CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
A problem oriented very important
chapter
In Chapter 5 we used the curvature of the bent beam to
determine the normal strains and stresses in the beam.
However, we did not develop a method for finding the
deflection curve itself. In this chapter, we will determine
the equation of the deflection curve and also find
deflections at specific points along the axis of the beam.
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE DEFLECTION

CURVE

Beams with Small Angles of Rotation

This equation can be
integrated in each
particular case to find
;

the deflection v,
provided the bending moment M and flexural rigidity EI are known as
22
functions of x.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE DEFLECTION

CURVE
OF BEAMS WITH SMALL ANGLES OF ROTATION

Reminder of the sign conventions

(1) The x and y axes are positive to the right and upward,
respectively;
(2) The deflection v is positive upward;
(3) The slope dv/dx and angle of rotation are positive when
counterclockwise with respect to the positive x axis;
(4) The curvature k is positive when the beam is bent concave
upward;
(5) The bending moment M is positive when it produces
compression in the upper part of the beam.

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE DEFLECTION

CURVE
OF BEAMS WITH SMALL ANGLES OF ROTATION
Nonprismatic
Beams

Prismatic Beams

Using this notation:

These equations are referred as the bending-moment

equation, the
shear-force
equation, of and
load consists
equation,
The general procedure
solvingthe
problems
of
respectively
integrating the equations and then evaluating the constants
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of integration from boundary and other conditions pertaining

Solving the Differential Equations of

the Deflection
For each
region
the beam,
we substitute
Curve
andofObtain
Deflections
of the
expression for M into the differential equation and
Beams
integrate to obtain the slope v.

Expression for the bending moments can be obtained

from free-body diagrams and equations of equilibrium
Each integration of the expression for M produces one
constant of integration. Next, we integrate each slope
equation to obtain the corresponding deflection v.
Again, each integration produces a new constant. Thus,
there are two constants of integration for each region of
the beam. These constants are evaluated from known
conditions pertaining to the slopes and deflections. The
conditions fall into three categories: (1) boundary
conditions, (2) continuity conditions, and (3) symmetry
Boundary
conditions.
Conditions
25

Solving the Differential Equations of

the Deflection
Curve and Obtain Deflections of
Beams
Continuity
Conditions

Symmetry condition: For instance, if a simple beam supports

a uniform load throughout its length, we know in advance
that the slope of the deflection curve at the midpoint must be
zero.

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