Alkenes 2008

Alkenes
and
Electrophilic
Addition
New Way Chemistry for
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Preparation
of Alkenes
A. Industrial preparation
Cracking
Prepared by the cracking of alkanes of

high molecular masses
Give alkenes of low molecular masses
Cracking
e.g.
600 oC
2CH3CH3
CH2 = CH2 + 2CH4
2CH3CH2CH3
o
600
C
CH3CH = CH2 + CH2 = CH2 + CH4 + H2
B. Synthetic preparation
Elimination Reactions
Involve removal of atoms or groups of

atoms from adjacent carbon atoms in
the reactant molecule
Formation of a double bond between

carbon atoms
IntramolecularDehydration
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
Removal of a water molecule from a

reactant molecule
By heating the alcohols in the

presence of a dehydrating agent.
E.g.
Alumina(Al2O3), conc. H2SO4,

conc. H3PO4
Give alkenes and water as the

products
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
alumina
CH3CH2OH
350oC
conc. H2SO4
CH3CH2OH
H
C
H
C
H2O
up to 200oC
H2O
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
Experimental conditions (i.e. temperature

and concentration of concentrated
sulphuric acid)
is closely related to the structure of the
individual alcohol.
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
Primary alcohols generally required

concentrated sulphuric acid and a
relatively high temperature
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
10
Secondary alcohols are intermediate in

reactivity
Tertiary alcohols dehydrate under mild

conditions (moderate temperature and
dilute sulphuric acid)
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
The relative ease of dehydration of

alcohols generally decreases in the order:
>
>
Tertiary
alcohol
11
Secondary
alcohol
Primary
alcohol
Intramolecular vs intermolecular
conc. H2SO4
H
OH
170 C
OH
H2O
Substitution
C2H5
12
C2H5
H2O
Intramolecular dehydration is favoured at

higher temperatures because it involves
breaking of strong C H bonds.
13
Q.29(a)
CH3
H3C
OH
CH3
H
H
H3C
OH
CH3
14
H3C
H
C
H3C
C
H
H2O
Q.29(b)
OH
H
OH
15
H2O
Q.29(c)
OH
OH
OH
CH3
C2H5
C
CH3
H
CH3
C
H3C
H
C
16
H2O
H3C
CH3
H2O
C
CH3
Dehydrationof
ofAlcohols
Alcohols
1.1. Intramolecular
Secondary and tertiary alcohols may

dehydrate to give a mixture of alkenes
The more highly substituted alkene is

formed as the major product
17
Dehydrohalogenationof
ofhaloalkanes
haloalkanes
2.2. Dehydrohalogenation
Elimination of a hydrogen halide

molecule from a haloalkane
By heating the haloalkane in an

alcoholic solution of KOH
H
-
OH
H
C
H
18
C
X
H
C
C2H5OH, heat
+ H2O + X-
C
H
H
-
OH
H
C
H
C
X
H
C
C2H5OH, heat
+ H2O + X-
C
H
C2H5OH is a co-solvent for both RX and OH
19
Dehyhalogenationof
ofhaloalkanes
haloalkanes
2.2. Dehyhalogenation
e.g.
20
Dehyhalogenationof
ofhaloalkanes
haloalkanes
21
Dehydrohalogenation of secondary or
tertiary haloalkanes can take place in
more than one way
A mixture of alkenes is formed
Q.30(a)
CH3
H3C
NaOH
H2C
Br
C2H5OH, heat
CH3
CH3
NaOH
H3C
Br
C2H5OH, heat
H
CH3
CH3
C
C
H
22
major
H3C
CH3
H
C
C2H5
Br
C2H5OH, heat
H
CH3
C
NaOH
H3C
H3C
C
H
minor
Cl
Q.30(b)
NaOH
CH3
C2H5OH, heat
H
CH3
Cl
NaOH
major
CH3
C2H5OH, heat
H
Cl
H
NaOH
C2H5OH, heat
C
H
23
C
H
minor
Dehyhalogenationof
ofhaloalkanes
haloalkanes
The ease of dehydrohalogenation of

haloalkanes decreases in the order:
>
>
Tertiary
haloalkane
24
Secondary
haloalkane
Primary
haloalkane
25
The relative stabilities of alkenes

decrease in the order:
Relative Stability of Alkenes in Terms

of Enthalpy Changes of Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of alkenes is
exothermic
From enthalpy changes of

hydrogenation
predict the relative stabilities of
alkenes
26
Enthalpy changes of hydrogenation of but-1-ene,

cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene
27
Relative Stability of Alkenes in Terms

of Enthalpy Changes of Hydrogenation
28
The pattern of the relative stabilities

of alkenes determined from the
enthalpy changes of hydrogenation:
Addition Reactions
Hydrogenationof
ofalkynes
alkynes
Hydrogenation
Alkenes can be prepared by

hydrogenation of alkynes
Depend on the conditions and the
catalyst employed
29
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation
30
Lindlars catalyst is metallic

palladium(Pd) deposited on calcium
carbonate
further hydrogenation of the alkenes
formed can be prevented
Reactions of
Alkenes
An
Introduction
31
Alkenes are more reactive than

alkanes
Undergoes addition reaction
rather than substitution
32
Presence of C=C double bond
C=C double bond is made up of a bond

and a bond
Addition reactions only involve breaking

of weaker bonds of alkenes
33
The electrons of the

bond are
diffuse in shape
less firmly held by the
bonding carbon
nuclei
Susceptible to the attack by electrophiles
34
Electrophiles : Electron-deficient species

Attack electron-rich center e.g. C=C bond
Examples :
Cations : H+, Br+, R+, (lead to heterolysis)
Free radicals : H, Cl, R,(lead to homolysis)
35
Nucleophiles : Electron-rich species

Attack electron-deficient site
e.g. carbonyl carbon, C=O
Examples :
anions : OH , Br , RO ,
molecules : H2O, ROH, NH3
All have lone pairs

for donating to
the reaction sites
All lead to heterolytic fissions

36
Reactions of
Alkenes
Examples
37
Catalytic Hydrogenation
Alkenes react with hydrogen in the

presence of metal catalysts (e.g. Ni,
Pd, Pt) to give alkanes
Lower temperatures can be used with Pd or Pt

38
e.g.
cis-addition, refer to notes on chemical

kinetics, pp.36-37)
39
O
H3C
CH2
CH3
H2 / Pt
25oC
CH3
H3C
CH3
Under mild conditions, C=O and benzene ring

are unaffected.
40
Q.31
C5H10
H2 / Pt
C5H12
A
C5H10
B
H2 / Pt
no reaction
41
A / B
42
A / B
43
*
*
44
*
*
*
*
Application : - hardening of plant oils

Plant oil (polyunsaturated liquid with low m.p.)
Partial hydrogenation
Margarine (soft unsatd solid with higher m.p.)
Complete hydrogenation
Animal fat (hard satd solid with still higher
m.p.)
45
Fats and oils are organic compounds

called triglycerides
triesters formed from glycerol and
carboxylic acids of long carbon chains
46
Saturated fats
solids at room temp
usually come from animal sources
long carbon chains are zig-zag and
easily packed
47
Unsaturated oils
liquids at room temp
usually come from plant sources
lower m.p. due to cis-arrangement
(kinked shape)
48
49
Fats are stable towards oxidation by air
More convenient to handle and store
Advantages:
higher m.p. ideal for baking
turning rancid much less readily than
unsaturated oils
50
Application : - hardening of plant oils

Plant oil (polyunsaturated liquid with low m.p.)
Partial hydrogenation
Margarine (soft unsatd solid with higher m.p.)
Complete hydrogenation
Animal fat (hard satd solid with still higher
m.p.)
51
O
H2C
O
O
HC
O
O
H2C
O
O
H2C
CH
H2C
150C
,
5 atm
H2 / Ni
O O
O
trans-fat coronary heart disease

52
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils

produces margarine
53
54
Margarine and butter do not have sharp

m.p. because they are NOT pure
substances.
They are mixtures containing different

triesters.
Electrophilic Addition Reactions(AdE)
55
Addition of electrophiles to the C=C

double bond of alkenes
Electrophiles that attack the C=C double

bond include
protons (H+)
neutral species in which the molecule
is polarized, e.g. bromine
56
(a) Addition
Additionof
ofhalogens
halogensin
innon-aqueous
non-aqueoussolvents
solvents
(a)
CH3CCl3
X = Cl, Br or I
Occurs with or without light
Addition is preferred to substitution
Reaction mechanism is not required
57
+ Br
Br
+ Br
Br
58
bromonium
ion
BrC
Br
Br
Br
C
59
Br
-
Br
C
Br
Br
transaddition
(a) Addition
Additionof
ofhalogens
halogensin
innon-aqueous
non-aqueoussolvents
solvents
(a)
60
(a) Addition
Additionof
ofhalogens
halogensin
innon-aqueous
non-aqueoussolvents
solvents
(a)
e.g.
61
(a) Addition
Additionof
ofhalogens
halogensin
innon-aqueous
non-aqueoussolvents
solvents
(a)
The decolourization of bromine in 1,1,1trichloroethane is a useful test for unsaturation
The reddish
brown colour
of bromine
is
decolourized
A drop of
bromine
dissolved in
1,1,1trichloroethane
is added to an
alkene
62
(b) Addition
Additionof
ofhalogens
halogensin
inaqueous
aqueoussolutions
solutions
(b)
OH
C
(major)
X
C
X2(aq)
X
C
(minor)
-OH comes from H-OH which is in excess.

Reaction mechanism is not required.
63
(b) Addition
Additionof
ofhalogens
halogensin
inaqueous
aqueoussolutions
solutions
(b)
e.g.
The consequent decolourization of the

reddish brown colour of bromine water
is also a test for unsaturation
64
+ Br
Br
+ Br
Br
65
bromonium
ion
H
O
H
O
H
O
Br
Br
OH
C
bromohydrin
H3O+
Br
66
Q.32
C
Br2
NaCl(aq)
Br
C
OH
C
Br
67
Cl
C
Br
C
Br
Cl
C
C
Br
68
Cl
C
Br
Q.32
C
Br2
NaI(aq)
Br
C
OH
C
Br
69
Br
C
Br
I
C
C
Br
70
I
C
Br
Q.32
C
Br2
NaNO3(aq)
Br
C
OH
C
Br
71
ONO2
Br
C
Br
NO3
C
ONO2
C
Br
Br
72
(c) Addition
Additionof
ofHHXX
(c)
X = Br, Cl, OSO3H, OH, etc.
H
Br
H-Br
H
H
C
conc. H-OSO3H
C
H
H-OH
H3O
73
Mechanism
required
OSO3H
OH
Acid-catalyzed
hydration
Additionof
ofHydrogen
HydrogenBromide
Bromide
Addition
74
A molecule of HBr adds to the C=C

double bond of an alkene
Give a bromoalkane
Reaction Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition

Reactions of Hydrogen Bromide to Alkenes
rate-determining step
sp2 hybridized
carbonium ion
H
H
Br
fast
Br
Br
Br is a nucleophile
75
sp2 hybridized
trigonal planar
50%
H
H
C
H
racemic mixture
-
Br
fast
Br
50%
Br
50%
If the resulting C is chiral
76
50%
Q.33
77
Q.33
(a) one bond and one bond are broken
(b) two bonds are formed
(c) Heat evolved during bond formation >
Heat required during bond breaking
Addition reactions are usually exothermic
view movie
78
Regioselectivity of Hydrogen Halide Addition:

Markovnikovs Rule
CH2=CH2 & CH3CH=CHCH3 are
symmetrical alkenes.
CH3CH=CH2 is an asymmetrical alkene.
79

Markovnikovs Rule
A hydrogen halide can add to an

asymmetrical alkene in either of the
two ways
The reaction proceeds to give a major

product preferentially
the reaction is said to exhibit
regioselectivity
80

Markovnikovs Rule
the addition of HBr to ethene
produces bromoethane as the only
product
81

Markovnikovs Rule
When but-2-ene reacts with HBr

2-bromobutane is formed as the only
product
82

Markovnikovs Rule
When propene reacts with HBr

the major product is 2-bromopropane
the minor product is 1-bromopropane
83

Markovnikovs Rule
H is given to the rich

84

Markovnikovs Rule
Markovnikovs rule states that in the
addition of HX to an asymmetrical
alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the
carbon atom of the carbon-carbon
double bond that already has the
greater number of hydrogen atoms
85

Markovnikovs Rule
86
The products formed according to this

rule are known as Markovnikov products
Stability of Carbocation and Mechanistic

Explanation of the Markovnikovs Rule
Carbocations are a chemical species that

contains a positively charged carbon
Very unstable
Exist transiently during the reaction
Classified as primary, secondary or tertiary

according to the number of alkyl groups
that are directly attached to the
positively charged carbon
87

The more stable the carbocation
the more stable the transition state
the lower the activation energy
the faster its formation
88

89
The stability of the carbocations

increases in the order:
Alkyl groups stabilize the positively charged

carbocation by positive inductive effect
90
A greater number of alkyl groups

release more electrons to the
positively charged carbon
increase the stability of the carbocation
91

92
Consider the addition of HBr to propene:

93
The hydrobromination of propene involves

two competing reactions:
Since the formation of carbocation is the

rate-determining step,
the overall reaction is faster if it involves
the formation of a more stable
carbocation.
94
Q.34(a)
X = Cl, Br, or I
H3C
H
C
HX
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH2H
>
H3C
H3C
95
C
H
H
C
H
Q.34(b)
H3C
C
H
OH
heat
cold
H3C
H
C
CH3
CH3
CH3
OSO3H
96
> C2H5
C
H
97
On heating, alkyl hydrogensulphates

form alkenes and sulphuric acid
Separation of a mixture containing an alkane

and an alkene.
Alkane / Alkene
conc. H2SO4 / cold
no reaction
addition
Alkane
insoluble in
conc. H2SO4
Separated by separating
funnel
98
OSO3H
dissolved in
conc. H2SO4
Separation of a mixture containing an alkane

and an alkene.
Alkane / Alkene
conc. H2SO4 / cold
no reaction
Alkane
insoluble in
conc. H2SO4
addition
heat
Alkene
99
OSO3H
dissolved in
conc. H2SO4
Alkyl hydrogensulphates can be easily

hydrolyzed to alcohols by heating with
water
conc. H2SO4 + H2O dilute H2SO4

acid-catalyzed hydration
100
(c) Addition
Additionof
ofHHXX
(c)
X = Br, Cl, OSO3H, OH, etc.
H
Br
H-Br
H
H
C
conc. H-OSO3H
C
H
H-OH
H3O
101
Mechanism
required
OSO3H
OH
Acid-catalyzed
hydration
Acid-catalyzed hydration
H3C
H
C
O
H
102
OH
H3C
C
H
CH3
CH3
O
H
C
H
CH3
Acid-catalyzed hydration
H
H
O
CH3
H
O
H
CH3
CH3
HO
C
H
The acid catalyst is + H3O+

regenerated
103
CH3
Q.34(d)
OH
H2O / H+
(d)
>
3
104
Q.34(c)
H3C
H
C
I Cl
H3C
H3C
H
H3C
electron-donating
C
CH2I
>
H3C
H3C
3
EN : C = I = 2.5
105
CH3
Cl
CH3
C
H
C
H
Q.34(e)
F3C
(e)
H
H HCl
Cl
CF3
Cl
CF3
F3C
C
CH3
<
C
H
More destabilized by negative

inductive effect
106
H
C
H
Q.34(f)
Cl
(f)
H
Cl
Cl
CH3
CH3
>
The resonance effect more than compensates the

negative inductive effect of Cl
107
Cl
Cl
Cl
H HCl
Cl
H
C
H
Q.34(g)
H
(g)
H
H HBr
Br
Br
>
CH3
108
H
C
H
C
H
CH3
C
H
The +ve charge is shared by the

benzene ring by resonance effect.
Stabilized by resonance effect as
well as inductive effect(2)
109
CH3
CH3
C
H
CH3
benzylic carbocation
CH3
More stable than 3 carbocation
110
Q.34(h)
H2C
C
H
C
H
CH2
excess H F
111
CH2H
H2C
C
H
H2C
CH2H
C
>
H2C
C
H
C
H
Allylic carbocation is stabilized by

resonance effect.
Stabilized by resonance effect as well as
inductive effect
Stability : Benzylic > allylic > 3 > 2 > 1 > CH3+
112
CH2H
CH2H
H2C
C
H
H2C
C
H
HF
H
H
C
H
> H
less destabilized by ve I-effect of F

113
Effect of substituents on the reactivity of AdE
1.
Electron-donating groups increase the
reactivity by
(a) the electron density of C=C bond,
thus making it more susceptible to
electrophilic attack.
(b) Stabilizing the carbocation
intermediate/T.S. by +ve I-effect and/or
resonance effect, thus lowering the Ea for
the rate-determining step.
114
Effect of substituents on the reactivity of AdE
2.
Resonance effect > inductive effect
3.
Electron-withdrawing groups lower the
reactivity by working in the opposite
ways.
115
Q.35
H
H3C
116
H3C
>
CH3
C
CH3
CF3
C
>
H
C
>
CH3
C
>
H
CH3
Oxidation of alkenes
(a)
C
Combustion
C
O2
CO2 + CO + C + H2O
More sooty and luminous than that of

corresponding alkanes due to higher carbon
contents
117
(b)
Reaction with KMnO4
R1
R3
C
R2
R4
KMnO4, H+ or OH
R2
cold
R1
R3
OH
OH
R4
Used as a test for alkenes

R1
R3
C
R2
118
C
R4
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
R1
R3
C
R2
carbonyl
products
C
R4
R1
R3
C
R2
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
R4
R1
R3
C
R2
R4
If all R groups are alkyl groups,

ketones will be the final products.
H3C
CH3
C
H3C
119
C
CH3
H3C
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
H3C
H3C
C
H3C
120
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
No reaction
R1
R3
C
R2
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
R4
R1
R3
C
R2
C
R4
If either R1 or R2 is H / either R3 or R4 is H,
further oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic
acid will occur.
H3C
C
H
121
H3C
CH3
KMnO4, H+ or OH
C
H
heat
H
H3C
H3C
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
HO
carboxylic
acid
aldehyde
122
R1
R3
C
R2
R4
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
R1
R3
C
R2
R4
If both R1 & R2 are H / both R3 & R4 are H,

further oxidation to first methanoic acid
and then CO2 will occur.
H
C
H
123
KMnO4, H+ or OH
C
H
heat
2
H
H
C
KMnO4, H+ or OH
heat
2CO2 + 2H2O
HO
methanoic acid
124
(c)
Ozonolysis
O
CH3CCl3
O3
< 20oC
unstable ozonide
O
+
O
H 2O
Zn dust
CH3COOH
H2O2
Further oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic

acid by H2O2 is inhibited using Zn dust and
CH3COOH
125
(c)
Ozonolysis
H3C
CH3
C
H3C
H
C
H3C
126
C
H
1. O3
2. Zn dust / H2O
1. O3
2. Zn dust / H2O
CH3
H3C
C
+ O
H3C
H
C
H3C
+ O
C
H
Oxidative cleavage can be used to locate C=C

bond in an unknown sample
127
Q.36
CH3
H2C
CH3
C
(3Z)-2-methylpenta-1,3-diene
CH3
H2C
H
C
C
CH3
(3E)-2-methylpenta-1,3-diene
128
Q.36
H3C
CH3
CH2
H
(3E)-3-methylpenta-1,3-diene
H
H3C
CH2
CH3
(3Z)-3-methylpenta-1,3-diene
129
Q.37
130
Q.37
131
Q.37
132
The END
133
28.4 Preparation of Alkenes (SB p.173)
Classify the following alcohols as primary,

secondary or tertiary alcohols.
(a) CH3CHOHCH2CH3
(b) CH3CH2CH2OH
(c) (CH3)2COHCH2CH2CH3
(a) It is a secondary alcohol.
(b) It is a primary alcohol.
(c) It is a tertiary alcohol.
134
Answer
Back
28.4 Preparation of Alkenes (SB p.173)
Back
Classify the following haloalkanes as primary,

secondary or tertiary haloalkanes.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a) A secondary haloalkane

(b) A primary haloalkane
(c) A tertiary haloalkane
Answer
135
28.5 Reactions of Alkenes (SB p.177)
Of the isomeric C5H11+ carbocations, which one

is the most stable?
The more stable C5H
+
11
carbocation is the tertiary
carbocation as shown below:
Back
136
Answer
Back
Both alkanes and alkenes undergo halogenation. The

halogenation of alkanes is a free radical substitution
reaction while the reaction of alkenes with halogens is
an electrophilic addition reaction. Can you tell two
differences between the products formed by the two
different types of halogenation?
Answer
Alkenes give dihalogenated products while alkanes usually give

polysubstituted products. Another difference is the position of the
attachment of the halogen atom. For alkenes, the halogen atom is
fixed to the carbon atom of the carbon=carbon double bond. In the
substitution reaction of alkanes, the position of the halogen atom
varies.
137
New
Way
Chemistry
for
New Way
Chemistry
for Hong
Kong A-Level
Book 3A
(a) What chemical tests would you use to

distinguish between two unlabelled
bottles containing hexane and hex-1-ene
respectively?
Answer
(a)
138
We can perform either one of the following tests:

Hex-1-ene can decolourize bromine water or chlorine water in
the dark while hexane cannot.
Hex-1-ene can decolourize acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution while hexane cannot.
(b) What is the major product of each of the

following reactions?
(i)
(ii)
Answer
139
(b)
(i)
(ii)
140
(c) Give the products for the following

Ni
reactions:
conc.
(i) CH3CH = CH2 +
H2 H2SO4
(ii) CH3CH = CHCH3
(iii)
141
CH3CH = CHCH3 + Br2
Answer
Back
(c)
(i)
CH3CH2CH3
(ii)
(iii)
142
(a) Arrange the following carbocations in

increasing order of stability. Explain your
answer briefly.
Answer
143
(a)
The increasing order of the stability of carbocations is:
Tertiary carbocations are the most stable because the three alkyl
groups release electrons to the positive carbon atom and thereby
disperse its charge. Primary carbocations are the least stable as
there is only one alkyl group releasing electrons to the positive
carbon atom.
144
(b) Based on your answer in (a), arrange the

following molecules in the order of
increasing rates of reaction with hydrogen
chloride.
Answer
145
Back
(b)
The reaction of these compounds with hydrogen chloride involves

the formation of carbocations. Therefore, the order of reaction
rates follows the order of the ease of the formation of
carbocations, i.e. the stability of carbocations:
Therefore, the rates of reactions of the three compounds with

hydrogen chloride increase in the order:
146

Alkenes 2008

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Alkenes 2008

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Alkenes

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Prepared by the cracking of alkanes of

Give alkenes of low molecular masses

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

CH2 = CH2 + 2CH4

CH3CH = CH2 + CH2 = CH2 + CH4 + H2

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Involve removal of atoms or groups of

Formation of a double bond between

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Removal of a water molecule from a

By heating the alcohols in the

Alumina(Al2O3), conc. H2SO4,

Give alkenes and water as the

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Experimental conditions (i.e. temperature

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Primary alcohols generally required

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Secondary alcohols are intermediate in

Tertiary alcohols dehydrate under mild

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

The relative ease of dehydration of

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Intramolecular dehydration is favoured at

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Secondary and tertiary alcohols may

The more highly substituted alkene is

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

Elimination of a hydrogen halide

By heating the haloalkane in an

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

C2H5OH is a co-solvent for both RX and OH

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

A mixture of alkenes is formed

New Way Chemistry for

New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A