Steam Plant & Boilers

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

.Mechanical and Marine Eng. Dept
Arab Academy for Science, Technology
.and Maritime Transport

:References
: .1
.
2. Introduction to Marine Engineering.
D. A. Taylor.

:Thermodynamics
The T-S Diagram:
T
K
Super
Heat

Wet Mixture
Liquid

kJ/kg K

Carnot Cycle:
Is the most efficient
cycle for given
temperatures of
source and sink.

:Rankine Cycle

4-1 Boiler

2-3 Condenser

1-2 Turbine

3-4 Pump

:Rankine Cycle with Superheat

1st Tube bank: Dry Sat. Steam at 6

2nd Tube bank: Superheated steam at 1[ smaller bore
tubes]

:Rankine Cycle with Superheat

Receiver:
Can receive stem from other boilers.

Surge Tank or hot well:

Science the quantity of feed water varies with
the different demands on the boiler, it is
necessary to provide a storage of condensate
between the condenser and the boiler feed
pump.

:Efficiency
Rankine Efficiency=

Net work output

W
T W p
R Heat supplied in the boiler
Q
b

We always neglect pump work<<<< WT

Boilers:

Simplified boiler arrangement.

:Boiler Types
1. Water-tube:
High pressure
High temperature
High capacity steam applications.
e.g.
Steam for main propulsion turbine
Cargo pump turbines.

:Water-tube boilers
Foster Wheeler DType Boiler
Due to its D shape.

:Water-tube boilers

1st S/H

2nd S/H

Foster Wheeler Type ESD I boiler- [External Super-heater D]

:Water-tube boilers

Foster Wheeler Type ESD III

mono-wall boiler

:Water-tube boilers

Foster Wheeler radianttype boiler

Heat is transmitted by
infra-red radiation.
[ESD VI]

:Furnace wall construction

Tangent wall

Mono-wall or membrane wall.

Boiler Types: [contd]

2. Fire-tube:
Small quantities
Low pressure steam.
e.g.
For Auxiliary purposes as on diesel engine
powered ships.

:Fire-tube Boilers

1. Package boiler

Package boiler

:Fire-tube Boilers

2. Cochran boiler

:Fire-tube Boilers
:Composite boilers. 3
Permits steam generation either by oil
firing when necessary or by using the
engine exhaust gases when the ship is
at sea.

Boiler Types: [contd]

3. Other Boiler arrangements:

Steam-to-steam generators.
Double evaporation boilers
Exhaust gas exchangers
Auxiliary steam plant system
Exhaust gas boilers

:Other Boiler arrangements

Horizontal Steam-to-steam generator:

:Other Boiler arrangements

Double evaporation boilers
Primary circuit is a conventional water-tube boiler,
which provides steam to the heating coils of a
steam-to-steam generator, which is the secondary
system.
The complete boiler is enclosed in a pressurized
casing.

:Other Boiler arrangements

Exhaust gas heat
boiler
Auxiliary steam plant
system [in diesel
powered tankers]

:Boiler Mountings [fittings]

Safety valves.
Main steam stop valve.
Auxiliary steam stop valve.
Feed check or control valve.
Water level gauge.
Pressure gauge connection.
Air release cock.
Sampling connection
Blow down valve.
Scum valve.
Whistle stop valve.

Boiler Mountings [fittings]:

Water-tube boilers

Automatic feed water regulator.

Low level alarm.
Super-heater circulating valves.
Sootblowers.

:Water level gauges

Tubular gauge glass

Plate-type gauge glass

:Water level gauges

:Water level gauges

Remote water level indicator

:Safety valves

Ordinary spring-loaded safety valve

:Safety valves

Improved high-lift safety valve

:Safety valves

Soot blower

:Combustion
Air supply.
Forced draught [fans]

Fuel supply system.

:Fuel burning

Pressure jet burner

:Fuel burning

Rotating cup burner

:Fuel burning

Steam blast jet burner

:Boiler operation

Follow the instruction manual for your boiler.

But In general:
Preparation:
1. Check the uptake for exhaust gases. i.e. any
damper should be operated.
2. All vents, alarms, water and pressure gauge
connections should be opened.
3. The super-heater circulation valves or drains should
be opened to ensure a flow of steam through the
super-heater.
4. All drains and blow-down valves should be closed.

:Boiler operation

Preparation:
5. The boiler should be filled to slightly below the
working level with hot de-aerated water.
6. The various header vents should be closed as water
is seen to flow from them.
7. The economizer should be checked to ensure that it
is full of water and all air vented off.
8. Forced draught fan should be operated.
9. Valves of the fuel oil system should be checked for
correct positioning.etc.
10. Circulation and heating of fuel.

:Raising steam
Start the draught fan for 5 min.
Turn the burner on.
Adjust the fuel pressure to ensure
complete-steady combustion.
Close the super-heater header vents once
steam issues from them.