Managing

History and
Current
Thinking

2
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OBJECTIVES
1. An understanding of the classical approach to
management
2. An appreciation for the work of Frederick
W. Taylor, Frank & Lillian Gilbreth, Henry L.
Gantt, and Henri Fayol
3. An understanding of the behavioral
approach to management
4. An understanding of the studies at the
Hawthorne Works and the human relations
movement

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OBJECTIVES
5. An understanding of the management
science approach to management
6. An understanding of how the
management science approach has evolved
7. An understanding of the system approach
to management
8. Knowledge about the learning
organization approach to management
9. An understanding of how triangular
management and the contingency approach
are related
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The Classical Approach

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The Classical Approach

Lower-Level Management
Analysis
Frederick W. Taylor (1856
1915)
Work at Bethlehem Steel Co.
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The Classical Approach

Frank Gilbreth (18681924) and
Lillian Gilbreth (18781972)
Motion study
The Right Way
The Wrong Way

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The Classical Approach

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The Classical Approach

Henry L. Gantt (18611919)

Scheduling Innovation
Rewarding Innovation

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The Classical Approach

Comprehensive Analysis of Management
Henri Fayol (18411925)
1. Division of work
2. Authority
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interests to general interests
7. Remuneration

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The Classical Approach

Comprehensive Analysis of Management
Henri Fayol (continued)

8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps
Limitations of the Classical Approach
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The Behavioral Approach

The Hawthorne Studies
The Relay Assembly Test Room
Experiments
The Bank Wiring Observation Room
Experiment

Recognizing the Human Variable

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The Behavioral Approach

The Human Relations Movement
Abraham Maslow
Physiological
Safety
Social
Esteem
Self-actualization
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The Behavioral Approach

The Human Relations Movement
Douglas McGregor
People can be:
Self-directed
Accept responsibility
Consider work to be as natural
as play
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Management Science
Approach
Beginning of the Management Science
Approach
1.

Observe

2.

Construct

3.

Deduce

4.

Test
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Management Science
Approach
Management Science Today
Characteristics of Management Science Applications

1) Problems studied are complicated

2) Economic implications as guidelines
3) Mathematical models to investigate the decision
situation
4) Use of computers
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Contingency Approach
1. Perceiving organizational situations as
they actually exist

2. Choosing the management tactics best

suited to those situations

3. Competently implementing those tactics

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The System Approach

Types of Systems
1. Closed
2. Open

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The System Approach

Systems and Wholeness
1. The whole should be the main focus of
analysis
2. Integration is the key variable in
wholeness analysis
3. Modifications weighed in relation to
effects on every other part
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The System Approach

Systems and Wholeness
(continued)
4. Each part has some role to perform
5. Part and its function determined by its
position in the whole
6. All analysis starts with the existence of
the whole
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The System Approach

The Management System
Information for Management System
Analysis
Triangular management
1. Classical approach
2. Behavioral approach
3. Management science approach
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The System Approach

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The System Approach

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Learning Organization: A
New Approach?
1. Systems Thinking
2. Shared Vision
3. Challenging of Mental Models
4. Team Learning
5. Personal Mastery
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Copyright 2012 Pearson

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