2.

COLLISION THEORY AND

TRANSITION STATE THEORY

REACTION KINETICS

a)

1. REACTION RATE
a)

Define reaction rate

b)

Exp. Graph of [ ] vs t in relation to reaction rate

c)

Write differential rate equation. Determine

reaction rate based on differential rate equation

d)

e)

f)

i)

minimum energy

ii)

correct orientation

Transition state theory

i)

Define Ea with reference to

the energy profile diagram

Define

ii)

define activated complex

i)

rate law

iii)

ii)

order of reaction

State the characteristics of

an activated complex

iii)

half-life, t1/2

Write integrated rate equation for

Zero order

First order

Second order

3. FACTORS AFFECTING
REACTION RATE
a)

Exp the effects of reaction rates

i)

concentration

iii)

catalyst

ii)

Temperature

iv)

particle size

Determine the order of reaction involving a single

reactant using

b)

Exp Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve

i)

initial rate method

c)

ii)

the units of rate constants, k

iii)

t1/2 based on graph of [ ] vs t

Exp effect of catalyst on Ea based on energy

profile for exothermic and endothermic
reactions

d)

Arrhenius equation

e)

Determine k, Ea, T and A using Arrhenius eq by

calculation and graphical method

iv)
linear graph method based on the
integrated rate equation and rate law
f)

a)

Collision theory. Exp the

requirements for effective collision :

Perform calculation using the integrated equation

INTRODUCTIONTO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONTO
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ISOMERISM

MOLECULAR AND
STRUCTURAL FORMULAE

a. List

the elements that made up organic compounds

C,H,O,N,P,S and halogens.
b. State the abilitiy of carbon to form covalent bonds
i) single bond
ii) double bond
ii) triple bond
c. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated compounds
d. Give example of organic compounds used in
medicine,engineering,biotechnology and agriculture.
a. Define structural formula
b. Draw structural formula in the form of expanded,
condensed and skeletal structures
c. Explain primary (1), secondary (2), tertiary (3) and
quaternary (4) carbon

a. Define Isomerism
b. Explain constitutional
isomerism: chain isomers,
positional isomers and functional
group isomers
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND
c. Define stereoisomerism
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
d. Describe cis-trans isomerism.
Identify cis-trans isomerism
f. Define chirality centre and
a. Define functional group.
enantiomers.
b. Name functional groups and
Identify chirality centre in a
molecule
classify organic compounds
g. Explain optical activity of a
according to their functional
compound
groups.
h. Draw a pair of enantiomers
c. Define homologous series
using 3-dimensional
and explain general
i. Define racemate mixture
characteristics of its members
j. Give the applications of chiral
compounds in daily life

REACTIONS IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
a. Explain bond cleavage: Homolytic an Heterolytic
b. State the relative stabilities of 1, 2 and 3 free
radicals,carbocations and carbanions.
Explain the inductive effect of alkyl groups
toward the stability of carbocations and
carbanions.
c. Define electrophile and nucleophile.
i) types of electrophile
ii) types of nucleophiles
d. Explain the main types of organic reactions:
i) Addition: E+ and Nuii) substitution: E+, Nu- and free radicals
iii) Elimination
iv) Rearrangement

a)

Define hydrocarbon compounds

b) Classify hydrocarbons into :

i) aliphatic and aromatic
ii) saturated and unsaturated
c)

Decscribe alkanes as saturated by

hydrocarbon with the general formula :
i) CnH2n+2 , n > 1 for open chain alkanes
ii) CnH2n , n >3 for cycloalkanes

d) Draw the structures and name the compounds

according to the IUPAC nomenclature for :
i) straight chain and branched alkanes (C1-C5 )
ii) cyclic alkanes (C3-C6 )
iii) alkyl groups
e) Explain the physical properties:
i) compare the boiling points of:
- alkanes based on molecular weight
- isomeric alkanes
- alkanes and cycloalkanes

ALKANES
OVERVIEW

ii) solubility
f) State the natural source of alkanes
g) Describe the combustion of alkane in
i) excess oxygen

j) Explain the free radical substitution

mechanism for methane, ethane, and
propane
k) Explain the monosubstitution of alkane
containing equivalent type of hydrogen
atoms as in neopentane

ii) limited oxygen

h) Explain the unreactivity of alkanes
i) Explain the halogenation reaction of alkanes

a)
b)

Describe alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbon with

the general formula CnH2n , n>2
Draw the structures and name the compounds
according to IUPAC nomenclature for :
i)
straight chain (C2-C10 ) and
branched alkenes (C4-C10 )
ii)

cyclic alkenes (C4-C6 )

iii)

simple dienes (C4-C6)

c) Show the preparation of alkenes through :

i)

dehydration of alcohols (mechanism)

ii)

dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes

d)

State Saytzeffs rule. Deduce the major product of

elimination reaction.

e)

Explain the reactivity of alkenes

f)

Explain the addition reactions of alkenes with :

i) hydrogen in presence of catalyst (hydrogenation)
ii) halogen (Cl2 or Br2) in inert solvent CH2Cl2 (halogenation)

ALKENES

iii) halogen (Cl2 or Br2) in water (halogenation)

iv) hyrogen halides (HCl or HBr) (hydrohalogenation)

OVERVIEW

v) acidified water (hydration)

vi) cold concentrated sulphuric acid

i) Explain the unsaturation test for alkene :

i)
ii)

g)

Write the mechanism of electrophilic addition of :

Baeyers test using cold, dilute, alkaline

solution KMnO4 at room temperature.

i)

hyrogen halides (hyrohalogenation)

ii)

acidified water (hydration)

reaction with bromine in CH2Cl2 and bromin

water

Explain the formation of product according to the

Markovnikovs rule

j) Determine the position of double bond through :

i)

Ozonolysis

ii)

reaction with hot, acidified KMnO4

h)

Determine the product of the reaction between alkene and

hydrogen bromide in the presence of peroxide according to
anti-Markovnikovs rule.

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

AROMATIC
SOMPOUNDS

1. Describe the terms

a) aromatics compounds
b) Kekule structure
c) resonance structure

NOMENCLATURE OF
BENZENE AND ITS
DERIVATIVES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

2. Draw and give example benzene

as a substitutent:
C6H5- (phenyl)

2. Exp.the influence of
a) ortho-para director
1. Exp. the electrophilic subsitution
b) meta director
of benzene:
towards electrophilic substitution
a) nitration
b) halogenation
c) Fridel-Crafts alkylation
Mechanism for each reaction
d) Fridel-Crafts acylation
3. Exp.the reaction of
benzene derivatives
a) oxidation of alkylbenzene
b) halogenation of toluene

1. Draw and named using

IUPAC nomenclature
a) monosubstituted
b) disubstituted
c) trisubstituted
d) tetrasubstituted

4. Give the uses of aromatic

compounds include the
carcinogenic effects of
aromatic compounds

Free radicals sub. (presence UV)

Electrophilic sub. (presence of Lewis Acid)
noradilah@unitkimia.kmk

1. Give the general formula of haloalkane

INTRODUCTION

2. Draw the structures

3. Classify 10, 20, 30 haloalkane,
4. IUPAC nomenclature

HALOALKANE (ALKYL HALIDES)

OVERVIEW

5. Describe haloalkane :contain polar bond,

carbon bearing the halogen is susceptible to
nucleophilic attack
1. Exp. Nu- substitution of RX

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

a)

Hydrolysis of RX with NaOH/H2O

b) Reaction of RX with KCN

7. Write the importance
of RX as inert substance
6. Describe Wurtz reaction

c)

Reaction of RX with NH3

2. Explain
a)

SN1 mechanism

b) SN1 mechanism
5. Exp. the use of RX in the
Synthesis of Grignard Reagents
a)

Synthesis of alkane

b) Synthesis of 10, 20, 30 alcohols

c)

Synthesis of carboxylic acid

3. Compare the relative

reactivities of 10, 20, 30 RX towards
hydrolysis
4. Exp. Elimination reaction with
reference to dehydrohalogenation RX

General formula of open chain alcohol

Draw and classify the structure
IUPAC nomenclature
Boiling point
Physical properties
Solubility
INTRODUCTION

PREPARATION OF
R-OH

Fermentation

2.

Hydration of alkenes

3.

Hydrolysis of RX

4.

Addition of Grignard Reagents

to carbonyl compounds

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

1.

Reaction with sodium

OVERVIEW

2.

Esterification

3.

Dehydration

4.

Substn. reaction using

HX, PX3, PX5 or SOCl

5.

Oxidation

Industrial preparation
of phenol

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF R-OH

CHEM. PROPS OF PHENOLS

1.

1.

Reaction with sodium

2.

Reaction with Naoh

3.

E substn :
(-OH as ortho-para director)

PHENOL

Identification test
1.

Lucas test

2.

Oxidation test

3.

Iodoform test

Identification test for phenol

1.

FeCl3 solution

2.

Bromin water

Compare the acidity of

Common uses of alcohol
and phenols

phenol, alcohols and water

CHEMICAL PROPS. OF CARBONYL

CARBONYL COMPOUND

1) Nu addition
-

Overview

H2O
NaHSO3

ROH

INTRODUCTION

HCN

2) Reduction

R-MgX
LiAlH4/H+
NaBH4/H+

1) general formula

H2/catalyst

2) Draw the structures

hydroxylamine

3) IUPAC nomenclature

3) Condensation
( ID test )

hydrazine
phenylhydrazine
2,4-DNPH

PREPARATION OF CARBONYL
1) Oxidation of alcohol

4) Oxidation
( ID test )

2) Ozonolysis of alkene
3) Friedel-Crafts acylation

KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
Tollens
Fehlings / Benedict

5) Iodoform test
( ID test )

Schiffs

INTRODUCTION

1.

General formula

2.

IUPAC nomenclature

3.

Physical properties

a)

Boiling points

b) Solubility
c)

Acidity

Compare with ROH and Phenol

Halogenated RCOOH based on

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ITS DERIVATIVES

OVERVIEW

i)

Number of halogen

ii)

Position of halogen

PREPARATION OF RCOOH
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RCOOH
1.

Neutralisation with base

2.

Reaction with electropositive

metal (Na, Mg, or Ca)

3.

Reduction with LiAlH4 / H+

4.

Acyl chloride formation

5.

Anhydride formation

6.

Esterification

7.

Amide formation

RCOOH
derivatives

Give the uses of RCOOH and its derivatives

1.

Oxidation of alkylbenzene, ROH and aldehyde

2.

Hydrolysis of nitril compound

3.

Carbonation of Grignard Reagent

Explain reducing properties

of methanoic acid with : i) KMnO4 / H+
ii)

Tollens reagent

Explain the relatives reactivities of RCOOH

derivatives towards hydrolysis reaction

INTRODUCTION
1)

Classify 10, 20, 30 amine

2)

IUPAC nomenclature

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1)

Boiling point
a) Compared 10, 20, 30 amine
b) Compared with RH, RX, ROH, carbonyl

2)

AMINES

Solubility
a) Compared 10, 20, 30 amine

OVERVIEW
3)

Basicity
a) Inductive effect
b) Resonance effect

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PREPARATION
a) Reaction of amine with

Acyl chloride

Acid anhydride

Hinsberg test ( ID test )

Nitrous acis ( ID test )

Bromin water ( ID test )

b) Exp. Formation of dye

1)

Reduction of nitro

2)

Reduction of nitrils

Zn / H+
SnCl2 / H+
H2 / Pt
LiAlH4 / H+

3)

4)

Reduction of amides

Hoffmanns degradation

NaBH4 / H+
LiAlH4 / H+
NaBH4 / H+

AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIN

OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION
1) General structure of -amino acids
2) Identify the structure of 20 standard
amino acids
3) IUPAC nomenclature of amino acids

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Reaction of amino acids with
a)

HCl

b)

NaOH

c)

HNO2

d)

ROH / H+

4) Define terms
a) Zwitterion and
b) Isoelectric point, pI
5) Draw the given amino acids :
a) in acidic medium
b) in basic medium

2) Formation of peptide bond

in polypeptides

c) at pI

Give the importance of amino acids

(10 essential acids) and proteins
(eg : collagen and hemoglobin)

1) Explain the terms

POLYMERS
OVERVIEW

3) Synthetic polymer

a) monomer

d) copolymer

b) polymer

e) straight chain polymer

c) homopolymer

f) cross-linked polymer

2) Natural polymers

a) proteins
b) carbohydrates
c) natural rubber

preparation
The use of synthetic polymers
condensation
1) Polyamides

addition
a) Kevlar
b) Nylon 6
c) Nylon 6,6

1) Polyalkenes

a) polyethylene
b) poly(vinylchloride)
c) polystyrene

2) Polyester

a) dacron
b) terylene