Good morning.

Bone And Cartilage

By

Navya P.
2

BONE

In the evolutionary ladder bone is just young to cartilage,

quite young compared to a nerve and much younger than a
cell.
Bone evolved just about 500 millions years ago
in this 4600 million years old earth

When life began All life

resided in the ocean .
Almost every creature
present then would be
wearing some sort of an
external armor.
But this armor or
exoskeleton
was of either a mixture of
protein & chitin or of calcium
carbonate extracted from
sea water.
Ref: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN; Understanding Origins: SEP 2009:Pg 75

True bone?

It all started with fishes.

Thus the 1st evidence of external bone was about 540

million years ago

The first to develop internal bones then followed.

Eventhough evolved later bone now is one of the most

important of its functions.

To us who are in the orthodontic field it matters even

more.

Bone is a living tissue which makes up the body

skeleton and is one of the hardest structure of the
animal body.

In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the

total body weight.

 The biggest bone in the body is the femur and the

smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear.

An adult human has around 206 bones.

These bones are organized into a longitudinal axis, the

axial skeleton, to which the appendicular skeleton is
attached

AXIAL SKELETON
It consists of the 80
bones in the head and
trunk of the human body.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Is composed of 126 bones in the human body.

10

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON SUPPORT

Shape

Protection

Assisting In Movement

Storage Of Minerals

Production Of Blood Cells

Maintenance Of Acid-base Balance

Detoxification

Transduction Of Sound
11

CLASSIFICATION OF BONE
BASED ON THEIR SHAPE
Long bones
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid boneBones that develop in specific
tendons
BASED ON TEXTURE OF CROSS SECTION
Cortical
Cancellous

Ref: Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology; Edited by G.S.Kumar; Mosby Elsevier; 12 th edt

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BASED ON MATRIX ARRANGEMENT

Lamellar
Woven
Compact
Bundle
BASED ON MATURITY
Immature bone
Mature bone
BASED ON DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN
Intramembraneous bone
Intracartilagenous bone

Ref: Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology; Edited by G.S.Kumar; Mosby Elsevier; 12 th edt

13

Long bones
Short bones
14

GROSS STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE

The gross structure of a long bone can be divided into
several regions.
Epiphysis: In the long bones, the epiphysis is the region
between the growth plate and the expanded end of bone,
covered by articular cartilage.
An epiphysis consists of abundant trabecular bone and a
thin shell of cortical bone.

15

Epiphysis is present at each

end of the long limb bones.

It is found at only one end

of the Metacarpals ,
metatarsals, phalanges,
clavicles, and ribs.

The epiphysis is the location

of secondary ossification
centers during development.

16

Metaphysis: The junctional region between the growth plate

and the diaphysis.
The metaphysis contains abundant trabecular bone, but the
cortical bone thins here relative to the diaphysis.
This region is a common site for many primary bone tumors
and similar lesions.

17

Diaphysis: The diaphysis is the shaft of long bones and

is located in the region between metaphyses, composed
mainly of compact cortical bone.
The medullary canal contains marrow and a small amount
of trabecular bone.
Physis (epiphyseal plate, growth plate): The physis is the
region that separates the epiphysis from the
metaphysis.
It is the zone of endochondral ossification in an actively
growing bone or the epiphyseal scar

18

Flat bone

Flat bonesarebones whose principal function is

either extensive protection or the provision of
broad surfaces for muscular attachment.

These bones are expanded into broad, flat plates,

as in the cranium.

19

These bones are composed of two thin layers

ofcompact bone enclosing between them a variable
quantity ofcancellous bone ,which is the location of
redbone marrow
In an adult, mostred blood cells are formed in flat
bones.

Flat bones inhuman skull

20

Flat bones

Irregular bones
21

Irregular bones

Theirregular bonesare bones which, from their

peculiar form, cannot be grouped aslong bone,short
bone,flat bone,orsesamoid bone

Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body,

such as protection of nervous tissue , affording
multiple anchor points forskeletal attachment,
maintaining pharynx and trachea support,
andtongueattachment.

22

They consist ofcancellous tissue enclosed within

a thin layer of compact bone.

Irregular bones can also be used for joining all

parts of the spinal column together.

Irregular bones inhuman skull.

23

Cortical Bone/Compact Bone /Dense Bone

It is one of two main types of osseous tissue.

Cortical bone is dense and forms the surface of

bones.

It is solid in appearance, and constitutes 80% of total

bone mass.

24

Compact bone is composed of many cylinder shaped

units called osteons, or Haversian Systems and
transverse channels between them called Volkmann's
Canal.

There are cavities inside compact bones where bone

marrow is stored.

25

Cancellous Bone /Spongy Bone /Trabecular

Bone

It is one of two types of osseous tissue that

form bones.

Compared to compact bone, it has a higher

surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker,
and less stiff.

It typically occurs at the ends of long bones,

proximal to joints and within the interior of
vertebrae.

26

Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently

contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, the
production of blood cells, occurs.

The primary anatomical and functional unit of

cancellous bone is the trabecula.

27

Lamellar Bone
Mature bone.

Strong, highly organized, well mineralized tissue.

Makes up more than 99% of the adult human
skeleton.

Full strength of lamellar bone that supports an

orthodontically moved tooth is not achieved until
approximately 1 year after completion of active
treatment.

28

Woven Bone
It is newly formed bone, later replaced by lamellar
bone. In contrast to mature bone, it does not have a
lamellar structure.
Bundles of collagen fibers run randomly in different
directions interlacing with each other.Hence name
woven (weave fabric interlacing threads).
Relatively weak, disorganized, and poorly mineralized.

29

 Crucial role in wound healing by

Rapidly filling osseous defects.
Provides initial continuity for fractures and
osteotomy segments.
Strengthening a bone weakened by surgery or
trauma.
Newly

or

first

formed

bone

in

response

to

orthodontic load.

30

Composite Bone
Osseous tissue formed by the deposition of lamellar
bone within a woven bone lattice, a process called
cancellous compaction.
Quickest means of producing relatively strong bone.
An important intermediary type of bone in physiologic
response to orthodontic loading.
It usually is the predominant osseous tissue for
stabilization during early process of retention.
31

 Although the composite bone may be of high quality, load

bearing

osseous

tissue

is

eventually

remodeled

into

secondary osteon.

Ref: T. M . Graber ,R.L. Vanarsdall ; orthodontics current principles and techniques; 3 rd edition

32

Bundle bone

It is a functional adaptation of lamellar structure to

allow attatchment of tendons and ligaments.

Perpendicular striations, called Sharpey fibers are the

major distinguishing characteristics of bundle bone.

Bundle bone is the mechanism of ligament and tendon

attachment throughout the body

33

Immature Bone (Primary Bone Tissue)

Immature bone is woven bone.

Mature bone (secondary bone tissue)

Mature bone is characteristically lamellar bone.
Almost all bones in adults are lamellar bones.

34

Intramembranous Bone (Mesenchymal Bone)

Intramembranous bone develops from direct
transformation of condensed mesenchyme.
Flat bones are formed in this way.
Intracartilaginous Bone (Cartilage Bone, Endochondral
Bone)
Intracartilaginous bone forms by replacing a
preformed cartilage model.
Long bones are formed in this way
35

Histology of bone

Theosteonis the fundamental functional unit of

compact bone.

Each osteon consists of concentric layers, orlamellae,

ofcompact bone tissue that surround a central canal,
thehaversian canal.

The haversian canal contains the bone's nerve and

blood supplies.

36

The boundary of an osteon is thecement line.

Some of theosteoblastsdevelop intoosteocytes, each

living within its own small space, orlacuna.

Osteocytes make contact with cytoplasmic processes

of their counterparts via a network of small transverse
canals, orcanaliculi. This network facilitates the
exchange ofnutrientsand metabolicwaste.

Collagenfibers in a particular lamella run parallel to

each other

Osteons are connected to each other and

theperiosteumby oblique channels calledVolkmann's
canals.
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Parts Of Bone
Periosteum
Periosteum is the highly vascular membranous tissue
covering the bone that brings blood and lymph vessels,
as well as nerves, to it .
Functions of periosteum
Bone nutrition
Longitudinal and transverse growth of bone
Regeneration
38

Periosteum has two layers

Externalfibrous; made of dense irregular
connective tissue.
Internalcellular; contains many osteoblasts and
blood vessels, some osteocytes as well.

39

Endosteum

It is a lining covering a bone from the marrow side,

made of loose irregular connective tissue with
osteoblasts and osteoclasts in addition to more
common cell types of this tissue.

It is a highly vascular condensation of areolar tissue

lining the various medullary spaces

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Compact bone

Consists of dense deposits of mineralschiefly calcium

phosphate and Type I collagen.

These are arranged in concentric circles around a

central Haversian canal through which blood, lymph
vessels as well as nerves pass through.

Spongy bone

The mineral deposits are arranged as a system of

struts.
Bone marrow fills the spaces between.
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Bone marrow
Some bones, such as the femur, also contain a central
cavity filled with bone marrow.

Bone marrow contains the stem cells that give rise to all
the types of blood cells.

Epiphyseal plate

Until the end of puberty, this disk of cartilage produces

more cartilage which then is converted into bone.

In this way, the bone grows lengthwise.

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Schematic representation of structure of a typical long bone

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Composition Of Bone
Cellular components(10%)
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocytes
Lining cells
osteoprogenitors

Extracellular components(90%)
Organic(35%)
Ground substance
Collagen fibers
Inorganic(65%)
Calcium
Phosphorous
Sodium
magnesium

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Osteoprogenitors

These are stem cells of mesenchymal origin & they can

convert into osteoblast when ever there is a need.

Resemble young fibroblasts.

They are more in fetus at the site where bone

formation is to take place.

In adult they are present over both periosteal &

endosteal surfaces.

45

Also present in perichondrium

Two types

Committed osteoprogenitor - differentiate into

preosteoblasts-osteoblasts

Inducible osteoprogenitor may differentiate

into fibroblasts, myoblasts, adipose cells,
chondroblasts etc

46

Osteoblast

Derived from osteoprogenitor cells of mesenchymal

origin, which are present in bone marrow

Periosteum serves as the important reservoir of

osteoblasts especially in growing children.

Are basophilic
Cuboidal).

They are responsible for synthesis, deposition and

mineralization of bone matrix

varied in shapes (oval, triangular,

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Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts arise by fusion of monocytes derived from
bone marrow.
Type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.
Large cell 4-100 m in diameter.
Numerous nuclei : up to 20 or more.
Variable in shape due to their motility.

48

Osteocyte

The osteocyte, is estimated to make up more than 90%

of the bone cells in an adult skeleton.

They play an essential role in maintenance of bone.

More in young decreasing with age.

49

50

Bone Lining Cells

Bone lining cells are thin elongated cells that cover most
bone surfaces(E&P) in the mature skeleton .
Cytoplasmic extensions or gap junctions often link them
to each other or to osteocytes.
Metabolically inactive cells.
Resting osteoblasts" or "surface osteocytes.

51

 In

the presence of parathyroid hormone, these cells

secrete enzymes that remove the osteoid covering of the

bone matrix in preparation for osteoclastic removal of
bone.
Bone

lining cells may be precursors for osteoblasts,

regulate the crystal growth in bone, or function as a

barrier between extracellular fluid and bone.

52

Organic constituents
COLLAGEN
Type I collagen fibers (about 95%)
Type V <5%
The elasticity of these imparts RESILIENCY to the
tissue and helps to resist fracture.
.

53

NON COLLOGENOUS PROTEINS

Osteocalcin: calcium binding protein, helps in mineralization

Osteopontin : potent inhibitor of hydroxy apatite crystal.

Bone sialoprotein : initiate crystal formation

Proteoglycans :Chondroithin sulphate proteoglycans I & II

Bone matrix also contain proteases, proteases inhibitor

and cytokines secreted by osteoblasts.
Bone morphogenic proteins.
54

Inorganic Constituents

Consists mainly hydroxyapatite

carbonate content .

crystals,

with

Hydroxyapatite crystals are thin plate or leaf like

structure packed parallel to collagen fibrils.

Gaps between crystals, contains water and organic

molecules .

Small amount of calcium phosphate , magnesium,

fluoride, sodium, potassium, fluoride, iron, zinc, etc.

55

 These minerals give, bone its characteristic hardness and

the ability to resist compression.
Bone has to be 50% mineralized to be seen in
radiographs.
Peak bone mass is reached between ages 20-30 After
this age, bone loss begins.
80% of the factors that determine peak bone mass are
genetic.
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BONE DEVELOPMENT

57

BONE FORMATION / OSTEOGENESIS / OSSIFICATION

Bone formation occurs by three co-ordinated processes:
The production of osteoid matrix
The maturation of osteoid matrix
Mineralization of the matrix.
In the embryo, bone tissue arises through two processes

Intramembraneous

Endochondral
58

 In both ossification processes, pre-existing connective

tissue is replaced by bone.

In intramembranous ossification - some mesenchyme cells

are transformed into osteoblasts and start laying down
bone.

This is an ossification process that transforms membrane

into bone.

Intramembraneous ossification is seen in areas like

Cranial vault
Maxilla
Mandible except condylar cartilage

Occurs in areas exposed to tension.

59

In endochondral ossification - a hyaline cartilage model of

the bone is ossified.

Endochondral ossification is the process associated with

foetal bone development, day-to-day bone growth, and to a
certain extent - fracture repair.

This is the type of bone formation found in

Long bones such as the femur and humerus,
Synchondroses of cranial base
Condylar cartilage
Nasal septal cartilage.

Occurs in regions exposed to high level of compression.

60

These two kinds of ossification do not lead to differences

in the structure of mature bones.

They simply indicate different methods a bone formation.

Both mechanisms involve the replacement of a preexisting

connective tissue with bone.

61

The first stage in the development of bone is the

migration of mesenchymal cells(embryonic connective
tissue cells) into the area where bone formation is
about to begin.
These cells increase in number and size.

In some skeletal structures where capillaries are

lacking they become chondroblasts.

The CHONDROBLASTS will be responsible for

cartilage formation.

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STEPS OF INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

1. Selected mesenchymal cells
cluster and form osteoblasts.
2. This forms an ossification
center.

3. Osteoblasts begin to secrete

osteoid, which mineralized.
4. The osteoblasts are trapped
differentiate into osteocytes.
63

5. Accumulating osteoid is
laid down between
embryonic blood vessels.
6. This forms a network of
trabulae.

7. Vascularized mesenchyme
condenses on the external
surface of the woven
bone and becomes the
periosteum.

64

8. Trabeculae just deep to

the periosteum thicken,
forming a bone collar.
9. The bony collar is later
replaced with mature
compact bone.

10. Spongy bone, consisting

of distinct trabeculae,
are present internally.
Blood vessels
differentiate into red
bone marrow.
65

STEPS OF ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

Early in embryonic life, a cartilage model or template of

the future bone is laid down. This model is covered by a
membrane called the PERICHONDRIUM.

Midway along the shaft of this model a blood vessel

penetrates the perichondrium, stimulating cells in the
internal layer of the perichondrium to enlarge and
become osteoblasts.

The osteoblasts begin to form a collar of compact bone

around the middle of the diaphysis of the cartilage
model.

Once the perichondrium starts to form bone, it is called

the PERIOSTEUM.
66

1. The perichondrium
covering the hyaline
cartilage model ofbone
is infiltrated with blood
vessels.
2. Osteoblasts secrete
osteoid against the
hyaline cartilage
diaphysis, encasing it in
a bony collar.

67

3. Chondrocytes within the

diaphysis hypertrophy
and signal the
surrounding cartilage
matrix to calcify.

4. The chondrocytes,
however, die and the
matrix begins to
deteriorate.

68

5. In month 3, the
forming cavities are
invaded by a collection
of elements called the
periosteal bud.

6. The entering
osteoclasts partially
erode the calcified
cartilage matrix.

69

7. Osteoblasts secrete
osteoid around the
remaining fragments
of hyaline cartilage
forming trabeculae.
8. As the primary
ossification center
enlarges, osteoclasts
break down the newly
formed spongy bone
and open up a
medullary cavity in the
center of the
diaphysis.
70

9. The epiphyses remain

formed of cartilage until
shortly before or after
birth.
10. Secondary ossification
centers form in the
epiphyses. The events
of ossification are like
the events of the
diaphysis, except, that
spongy bone mains in the
internal and no
medullary cavity forms.

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Mineralization
The matrix is initially laid down as unmineralized osteoid
Mineralization involves osteoblasts secreting vesicles
containing alkaline phosphatase.
This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for
calcium and phosphate deposition.
The vesicles then rupture and act as a centre for crystals
to grow on.

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MECHANISM OF BONE GROWTH

There are three basic mechanisms by which growth takes
place at the cellular/tissue level. They are:
Hyperplasia: Growth due to increase in number of cells.
Hypertrophy: Growth due to increase in size of the cells.
Extracellular Matrix Secretion: In this process, there
is increase in size because of the secretions of the
cells, into the extracellular matrix

73

Post natal growth of bone takes place in the following

three ways:
Chondral growth-achieved by interstitial growth of
cartilage originating in cartilage. Example includes
synchondroses.
Sutural growth is appositional growth and occurs in
the skull and facial sutures on the edge of bones.
Periosteal growth which is also appositional and occurs
in the periosteum. Periosteal growth unlike the
chondral and sutural growth continues into advanced
age.

74

MECHANISM OF BONE GROWTH

Modeling and remodeling
Drift
Displacement
Primary
Secondary
Trabecular and cortical bone grow, adapt and turn over by
means of two fundamentally distinct mechanisms modeling
and remodeling.

75

 Bone modeling is a mechanically mediated adaptive

process for changing a bone's size, shape, or position.

It is an uncoupled process, meaning anabolic and catabolic

sites are controlled independently.

Its , an important element of skeletal growth, functions as

a lifelong optimization process for adapting bone mass and
architecture to functional needs.

Modeling also called as macro modeling by some authors is

an activity primarily found during growth and is responsible
for the final shape of the bones.

76

 Bone remodeling is the physiologic term for internal

turnover of a mineralized tissue, without a change in its

overall form.

It is a coupled sequence of catabolic (resorptive) and

anabolic (osteogenic) events to support calcium homeostasis
and repair (renew) aged or damaged mineralized tissue.

77

Both modeling and remodeling are the result of the

controlled activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

The difference is ; in modeling, both these two cells act

over a large surface area, removing or forming large
volumes of bone mass which is active during growth period.

Remodeling on the other hand is active throughout life and

serves to modify shape of skeleton, architecture, bone
volume and to repair microdamage.

78

Wolff's lawis a theory developed by the German

anatomist and surgeonJulius Wolff(18361902)
It that states that bone in a healthy person or animal will
adapt to the loads under which it is placed.
If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will
remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that
sort of loading.

79

The internal architecture of thetrabeculaeundergoes

adaptive changes, followed by secondary changes to the
external cortical portion of the bone,[perhaps becoming
thicker as a result.
The inverse is true as well: if the loading on a bone
decreases, the bone will become weaker due to turnover.

80

 Cortical drift is growth movement (relocation or

shifting) of an enlarging portion of a bone by the
remodeling action of its osteogenic tissues.

The cortical plate can be relocated by simultaneous

apposition and resorption processes on the opposing
periosteal and endosteal surfaces

The bony cortical plate drifts by depositing and resorbing

bone substance on the outer and inner surfaces
respectively, in the direction of growth.

81

If resorption and deposition take place at the same rate,

the thickness of the bone remains constant. if more bone
is deposited than resorbed, the thickness of the structure
increases

During the developmental period, deposition takes place at

a slightly faster rate than resorption, so that the individual
bones slowly enlarge.

82

Displacement

Displacement is movement of the whole bone as a unit.

It is a translatory movement of the whole bone caused by

the surrounding physical forces, and is the second
characteristic mechanism of skull growth

Two types

Primary displacement
Secondary displacement

83

Primary displacement

As a bone enlarges, it is simultaneously carried away from

the other bones in direct contact with it.

This creates space within which bony enlargement takes

place.

It is the physical movement of the whole bone, as the

bone grows and remodels by resorption and apposition.

84

Secondary displacement

It is the movement of a whole bone caused by the

separate enlargement of other bones, which may be nearby
or quite distant.

It is the movement of bone related to enlargement of

other bones.

85

CARTILAGE

86

Cartilage is a special type of connective tissue that has a

stiff, firm, but not hard intercellular matrix.

It provides rigid support, but it is so soft that it can be

cut with a fingernail.

Cartilage is a nonvascular connective tissue and it is

ordinarily noncalcified.

Cartilage is composed of cells and an intercellular matrix

containing fibers and ground substance.

87

Functions of cartilage

Flexible support in appropriate anatomic places (the nasal

tip, ear lobe, thoracic cage, tracheal rings)

Pressure tolerant tissue located in specific skeletal areas

where direct pressure occurs (articular cartilage)

Growth cartilage in conjunction with certain enlarging

bones (synchondrosis, condylar cartilage, epiphyseal plate).

88

Composition of cartilage
Inter cellular matrix
Fibers Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Cells - Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

89

Inter cellular matrix

Rich in proteoglycans consisting of a core protienkeratin sulfate or chondrotin sulfate with numerous
glycosaminoglycans attached around it in bottle brush
pattern

Proteoglycans themselves are attatched by hyaluronic

acid.

90

Between 60 and 80 percent of the net weight of

cartilage is water, and this large component of water
accounts for the resilient nature of cartilage.

Water is attracted to the negative charges in the

abundant sulfate and carboxyl groups on the GAGs.

This hydration permits diffusion of water-soluble

molecules in the ground substance.

91

Perichondrium

Has 2 layers:
External - fibrous; made of
dense irregular connective
tissue
Internal - cellular
(chondrogenic); contains many
fibroblasts and blood

Functions: cartilage nutrition,

appositional growth, and
regeneration
92

Chondroblast

Less differentiated cartilage

cell

Originate from nondifferentiated mesenchyme.

Have a flattened shape

A well-developed rough
endoplasmic reticulum in a
basophilic cytoplasm

Cb Chondroblasts
PC - Perichondrium

93

Chondrocyte

Chondroblasts mature into

chondrocytes

Differentiated cartilage cells

With advancing cellular age

chondrocytes progressively lose
their rough endoplasmic
reticulum

Chondrocytes reside in the

depth of matrix - within minute
special cavities lacunaes
94

Types of cartilage
There are three kinds of cartilage depending upon the
amount and nature of fibers in the connective tissue
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibro cartilage

95

Hyaline cartilage

Fine collagen fibers dispersed throughout the ground

substance

Most abundant cartilage

Found in joints where it covers the ends of bones

with a smooth surface

Involved in bone formation and growth

96

Amorphous, firm matrix with

imperceptible network of
collagen fibers

Chondrocytes lie in lacunae

Supports, reinforces, cushions,

and resists compression

Forms the costal cartilage

Found in embryonic skeleton,

end of long bones, nose, trachea,
and larynx
97

Elastic cartilage

Has elastic fibers

Can be bent and then resume

its original shape

Found in the external ear and epiglottis

Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers

Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility

98

Fibrocartilage

Has more collagen fibers than hyaline cartilage

Fibers are organized into bundles

Found between vertebrae ,in the knee, pubic symphyses,

TMJ

Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with

thick collagen fibers

Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock

99

Articular Cartilage

It is a specialised form of hyaline

cartilage

It is not surrounded by a
perichondrium and is partly
vascularised

Transforms the articulating ends

of the bones into lubricated,
wear-proof, slightly compressible
surfaces, which exhibit very little
friction

100

The main source of nourishment

for articular cartilage is the
synovial fluid, which fills the
joint cavity.

Additional small amounts of

nutrients are derived from blood
vessels that course through the
calcified cartilage close to the
bone.

101

Primary Cartilage

They are derivatives of primordial cartilage.

In primary cartilage, chondroblasts divide and

synthesize intercellular matrix.

The dividing chondroblasts are surrounded by

cartilaginous matrix.

Cells arranged in columnar fashion

102

Since surrounded by cartilaginous matrix, primary

cartilage is not influenced by local environmental
factors.

Growth is interstitial. Hence 3 dimensional growth

Considered to be a genetic pacemaker for growth.

103

Secondary cartilage

Secondary cartilage forms on a membranous bone

No intercellular matrix

Not surrounded by cartilaginous matrix

Cells are arranged in haphazard manner

Affected by external influences which will stimulate

growth of cartilage, e.g. condylar cartilage

Only peripheral growth takes place

Contributes only to regional adaptive growth

104

Synchondrosis

The structure in the cranial base which resembles

the growth plates are synchondroses.

A synchondrosis is a type of immovable joint in

which the articulating structures are joined
together by hyaline cartilage.

Synchondroses are formed between the epiphyses

(ends) and diaphyses (shafts) of long bones

105

It includes the numerous temporary cartilaginous

junctions between diaphysis and epiphysis in the
immature post cranial skeleton and also in the
regions of unossified cartilage between skull
components developing in the chondrocranium.

Diagrammatic representation of
synchondrosis

106

Nasal Cartilage

Nasal cartilage is a thin cartilaginous plate located

between vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and
nasal bone

It provides a thrusting force which carries the maxilla

forward and downward during growth.

Cross section of nasal cartilage

107

Condylar Cartilage

The condylar cartilage is a secondary type of

cartilage which was transformed phylogenetically
from the periosteum

This cartilage is not a part of the Meckel's cartilage

The condylar cartilage grows not nterstitially,but

appositionally.

108

CARTILAGE AND BONE STRUCTURE COMPARED.

Both of these tissues represent specialized skeletal

variations of ordinary connective tissue, and their
respective features show a number of structural
similarities.

Both are composed of connective tissue cells with an

intercellular matrix containing collagenous fibers and
ground substance.

They both have an enclosing vascular membrane, and this

covering tissue is characterized by a marked growth
potential.

.
109

The matrices of cartilage and bone are receptive to

calcification, although cartilage shows much variability
in this regard.

The firm rigidity of both tissues is adapted to

functions of support

Cartilage is noncalcified.

Vascular canal system is lacking in cartilage, direct

diffusion through its soft matrix readily occurs.

110

Extrinsic pressures may be involved in the many

functional relationships of cartilage, the lack of blood
vessels within this tissue is an adaptation to the soft
nature of its matrix.

Bone, in contrast, has a calcified matrix housing a system

of rigid-walled vascular canals with their continuing,
elaborate network of canalicular channels.

Cartilage utilizes both appositional and interstitial

processes of growth. Bone, however, can enlarge only by
an appositional mode of growth

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Conclusion
Eugene Roberts referred orthodontists as
craniofacial bone specialists and hence a thorough
knowledge about bone and cartilage will help the
orthodontist to deal with the patients more
effectively and efficiently.

112

References

Facial growth:Enlow 3rd edition

Grays anatomy :3rd edition.

Orbans Oral Histology & Embryology; 12th edt.

T. M . Graber ,R.L. Vanarsdall ; orthodontics current

principles and techniques; 3rd edition

Textbook of craniofacial growth ;Sridhar Premkumar

Scientific american; understanding origins: sep 2009:pg

75
113

Harold M. Frost; A 2003 update of bone physiology

and wolffs law for clinicians;angle orthodontist, vol
74, no 1, 2004

W. Eugene roberts etal; bone modeling: biomechanics,

molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspectives;
seminars in orthodontics, vol 10, no 2 (june), 2004: pp
123-161

114

Thank you.

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