Siemens

Numerical Pilot Protection 7SD52

using digital wide-band communication

Protection and Substation Control

EV S

Siemens

Numerical pilot protection relay 7SD52

Universally applicable to power system
configurations up to six ends ,
containing :

OH-Lines

Cables

Transformers

For digital data transmissen

Protection and Substation Control

Via dedicated optical fibres

Via Communication networks

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Siemens

Numerical Pilot Differential Protection Principle

IA

IB
IAS , IAC

IBS , IBC
ID

+j

operate

IA

IAC

stabilize

IB

ID
IBS
IAS

IB

Operate :

ID = IA +IB

Bias:

IB = IA + IB

Operating
Criterium:

ID K1 + K2 . IS

IBC

IA = IAS + j IAC
IB = IBS + j IBC

Protection and Substation Control

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Definition of Synchronous Phasor:

measured at different locations based on a common time reference

Time reference

Location : A

Location :
B
I
M

Relay A

R
E

B
Relay
B

Protection and Substation Control

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Numerical pilot protection: Advanced Fourier analysis of

the currents - Supress DC components, harmonics
sin 2 i
n
0 1 2 . .

IS(k)

i(k ni )
i
k-n

I(k) IS(k) j IC(k)

k

IC(k)

I (k )

IC(k)

cos 2 i
n

Protection and Substation Control

IS(k)
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Advanced Fourier Transformation - Optimized filtering

coeffizients for 7SD52 -> Suppress DC 4 times better than
conventional Fourier-filters -> Archieve high sensitivity
i0

i1

i2

iN

3 ....

2
N1
IS sin n t in
N n1

3 ...

Protection and Substation Control

iO iN N1

2
IC cos n t in
N 2 2 n1

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Advanced Full Cycle Fourier analysis: Filter characteristic

Protection and Substation Control

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Orthogonal Current Components

(Advanced Fourier Filter)
t
I(t)

1
IS
I ( t) sin t dt
2 -360

=0

I () I S j I C
I 0
1 j 0
I

1
IC
2

I (t) cos t dt

- 360

I 30
3
1

j
I
2
2
j IC

I 60 1
3
j
I
2
2

t
t=0

IS

I 90
0 j1
I

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
Numerical Pilot Differential Relay
Propagation Time Measurement and Phasor Angle Correction
A

B
I

I
IS(A ,
)

tA1
tA2

IC(A

...

tA1

tL1

tA5

tB2

tV

tA3
tA4

tB1

tB3
tL2

tV
t B3 t A1

....

tB4

)
I S(B), I C(B

IB(tA3)

Propagation time: tL1= tL2= 1/2 x (tA-reception - tA1- tV)

Corrected sampling instant: tB3= tA-reception -tL2

IB(tB3)

= (tB3 - tL2) x (360O/Tperiod)

Protection and Substation Control

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Example for the delay time calculation

Flight from Berlin <-> New York
You can not calculate the duration of a flight if you look at the clock in Berlin on departure and
later note the local New York time on arrival. The reason are the different time zones.
The relays are also in two time zones.. Each relay has its own 1 us resolution timer.
Tdepart / B->NY (6:00) --------------------> Tarrival / B->NY (8:00)
From the flight back from New York to Berlin the local departure time in NY and the arrival time in Berlin is:
T arrival / NY->B (23:00) <--------------- T depart / NY->B (9:00)
Under the assumption, that the flight to New York and the flight back from NY have the same duration
the relevant time results can be calculated.
The time difference between NY and B and the duration of the flight (transmission time)
Duration = ( T arrival / B->NY - T depart / B->NY+ T arrival / NY->B - Tdepart / NY->B ) / 2
Time difference = (Tdepart / B->NY - Tarrival / B->NY + Tarrival / NY->B - Tdepart / NY->B ) / 2
Duration = (8:00 - 6:00 + 23:00 - 9:00) / 2 = 8 hours (-> delay time)
Time diff. = (6 Uhr - 8 Uhr + 23 Uhr - 9 Uhr)/2 = 6 hours (-> difference between the time zones)

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Coded message of current differential protection 7SD52

HDLC FRAME FORMAT

Opening
Flag
01111110

Address
Field (A)
16 bits
relays
address

Control
Field (C)
8 or 16
bits

Synchronizing

Information
Field (I)
any length
0 - N bits

time data
status + command

Frame
Check
Seqence
(FCS)

Closing
Flag

32 bits

01111110

message
validation

Current vectors

Protection and Substation Control

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Numerical pilot differential protection: Communication options
Monomode fibre
1300 ober 1550 nm
I

a) Dedicated optic fibre

I

Further services:
Telefon,
Data transmission,
etc.

Further services:
Telefon,
Data transmission,
etc.
b) Channel of a data transmission system or of a data transmission network
(Protection and PCM-device in the same room)
PCM
MUX

PCM
MUX

Multimode optic fibres

850 nm
I
O.F.

Multimode optic fibres

850 nm
O.F.

G.703
Further services:
Telefon,
Data transmission,
etc.

Wire, G.703

Optic fibre or Microwave

G.703
Wire G.703

Optic fibre or microwave

Further services:
Telefon,
Data transmission,
etc.
b) Channel of a data transmission system, or of a data transmission network
PCM
MUX

PCM
MUX

(Protection and PCM-device not in the same room)

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Application for a three terminal configuration

Monomode fibre optic cable

up to 10 km (1300 nm modul)

Monomode fibre optic cable up to 35 km with 1300 nm interface

Distance relay
7SA52

X21
G703.1
820 nm

Option:
I-REGB
time
synchronisation

max.
3 km

e
o

PCM

multiplexer

SDH
comms-network

PCM

multiplexer

o
e

Commsconverter
G703.1: 64 kBit
X21: N*64 kBit (1N8)

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Numerical line differential protection 7SD52

Scope of functions / Hardware options
- For system configurations with up to 6 terminals

3Iph, and IE
4U
8 binary inputs
16 contacts
1 - 2 protection interfaces
System interface
PC-interface
Time synchronisation

- Fast high set charge comparision (subcycle trip)

- Sensitive current phasor differential
- Inrush restraint (2nd harmonic) and
vector group adaption

*19

- CT saturation detector

16 binary inputs
24 contacts

- Autoreclosure 1/3 pole

24 binary inputs
32 contacts

- Overload protection

Option: 5 fast
trip contacts

- Switch on to fault protection

- 4 remote commands, 24 remote signals
Protection and Substation Control

1*19
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Communication Options
O

820 nm
1,5 km / 3 km

FO5:
FO6 :

distance 1,5 km (with clock feed-back)

distance 3km

1300 nm
10 km

FO7 :

distance 10km

1300 nm
35 km

FO8:

distance 35km

internal

O
internal

O
internal

X21
G703

KU : hook-up to communication network

external

Km data for worst-case conditions

Protection and Substation Control

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Hardware option of the comms interfaces

Protection interface 2
Remote line end 2

Port E

Synchronous N x 64kB/sec

Remote line end 1

2
D5
7S

Plug in
modules

Protection interface 1
Port D

Synchronous N x 64kB/sec

Subst.
control interface
communication modules
FO (Fibre optic) or RS485
or RS232
Available Protocols
IEC - standard

Interfacemodul 2
RS485 or FO

service-interface
Interfacemodul 1
RS485 or FO
or RS232

DIGSI
local
Browser

local-PC
interface

Serial time
sync. input

Protection and Substation Control

Substation control

DIGSI 4; also for

modem connection
and Browser
GPS-receiver

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Siemens

Main board of the relay with its

Communication - Interfaces

Main processor
board of the relay
Sockets for the
communication
modules

Protection and Substation Control

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Adaptive Algorithm: Fast Charge comparison and very

sensitive Phasor differential

Charge comparison
Fast normal trip stage
IDiff>> Setting: 0,67*ILoadmax/IN
Fast, <1cycle
5

i dt

i dt

Phasor differential
For high resistive faults
IDiff> Setting: 0,1-0,2 IN

1 cycle Phasor,
fundamental frequency
87L

87L

Every 5ms (128-512 bBit), 10 ms (64 kBit)

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
Adaptive differential relaying
Consideration of CT- and communication-errors
IDiff
IN,load.

trip

I2

I3
I1

I2

restrain
IDiff>

0,15
I1

load

Through fault

0.5

Calculated Phasor sum:

Minimum pick-up:
Restrain:

IDiff = I1 + I2 + I3

I3

Irestr

I1

IN,Betr.

IDiff = Ilow set

IRestrain = c.t. tolerance + Syncronising tolerance

trip condition: IDiff >Ilow set and IDiff > IRestraint

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
Spill Current through Line Charging Capacitances
Protected Zone defined by c.t.1 and c.t.2

I2

I1

Source V1

I1

C.t.2

C.t. 1

IDiff

IC

Source V2

Kichhoff equation:

I1 + I2 - IDiff - IC = 0

Service conditions:

IDiff = 0, IC = I1 + I2
Difference equals
charging current
IDiff> >2,5.. 4 IC sensitive set point
at short lines,

Pick-up value:
minimum 0,1 IN

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
Setting above spill currents: c.t. error and line charging
I1

-I1

I1

I1=0,95I1

I2 I1 IC

I2=1,05I1

IC j U L CL

IDiff=0,1 I1

Resulting
set point
Set points:
Percentage bias
related to c.t. errors

IDiff
IDiff = |- I1 + I2| = f1 I1 + f2 I2
Load: I1 = IN
IDiff=0,1 I1 = 0,1 IN
Through Fault: I1 = 10 IN

IDiff>
I1

Minimum pick-up
related to line charging
current

IDiff> set point > line charging current

Percentage bias > Sum of c.t. errors

IDiff = 10,5 IN - 9,5 IN = IN

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
Approximated c.t. Tolerance
Basis for the restraint current calculation
IDiff
I1
Fault current tolerance

Tolerance of
a real CT

Load current tolerance

ALFe / ALFN IN,c.t

I1

: parameter 7SD52

Example: 10P10, fB < 3%, fK at ALFN = 10%

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Current transformer data

C.t. Parameter
c.t. e.g. 5P20, 10VA
% tolerance at ALFN

ALFe = ALFN

Thumb rule:
Ri 0,1...0,2 * RN
RN at 10 VA 10
=> Ri 2

ALFe
ALFN

Pi + PN
Pi + PB
2 VA + 10 VA
2 VA + 1 VA

With PB = Pleads +
Prelay (0,1 VA)

= 4

Resulting Relay Parameter:

effective ALF / nominal ALF = 4 (calculation as per above)

IEC 44 -1:

tolerance in load area up to ALFe / ALFN : 1% with 5P, 3% with 10P c.t.s
total error at accuracy limit nN = 5% with class, 5P and 10% 10 P

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
Internal restraint current calculation due to CT-errors
The restraint current is the sum of the maximal expected CT-errors
5P20 20 VA
1600:1
ALFe/ALFN = 5
fLoad 1 = 1% (0,01)
fSC 1 = 5% (0,05)
800 A
4800 A

IC = 100 A

10P10 10 VA
400:1
ALFe/ALFN = 1
fLoad 3 = 3% (0,03)
fSC 3 = 10% (0,1)

5P20 20 VA
1600:1
ALFe/ALFN = 2
fLoad 2 = 1% (0,01)
fSC 2 = 5% (0,05)

IN,load = 1600 A

1200 A
5600 A
400 A
800 A

IStab = 2.5 line charge currents (basic restraint value) + c.t. error currents
IDiff = actual deviation of vector summation and charge summation
Case 1 (Through load)
IRest = 2,5 100 A + 800 A 0,01 + 1200 A 0,01 + 400 A 0,03 = 282 A
Idiff = 100 A

I restr / IN,load = 0,176

I Diff / IN,load = 0,063

Case 2 (Through fault)

IRest = 2,5 100 A + 4800 A 0,01 + 5600 A 0,05 + 800 A 0,1 = 658 A
IDiff = 40 A

I restrain / IN,load = 0,41

I Diff / IN,load = 0,025

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

CT Saturation detector based on harmonic analysis

ct I2

ct I1

Harmonic content of the differential current

2

|fn|
|f1|

Id = I1 - I2

Harmonic order

10

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Charge comparison: Operating Principle

I1

I3

protected Line configuration

I4

Q diff=Q 1+Q 2+Q 3+Q 4

Q1

I2
Q part1=Q 1

7SD52

Q part2=Q 2+Q 3+Q 4

Protection and Substation Control

Q2

Qdiff

Q3
Q part2=Q 1+Q 2

Q4
Q part3=Q 1+Q 2+Q 3

7SD52

Q part3=Q 3+Q 4

7SD52

Q part4=Q 4

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Siemens

Charge Comparison:
Charge calculation, Operating characteristic, Tripping times
|Q |

diff
Operate
(internal fault)

Charge calculation by
numerical integration

t
1

t
0

ing
nd
e
ep
ed
p
slo

t
2

t
3

t
4

DIFF

>

t
6

Current Measuring window

5 ms (50 Hz)

Corrected time instants

after end-to-end time synchronisation
Protection and Substation Control

f
dif

Settable pick-up value

=IDiff>>
t
5

on

Restraint Area

Calculated charge restraint value

from CT-errors , synch. errors

qdiff12.dsf

QRest

Relay calculates the charge. Setting as current value I Diff>>

speed
64 kbit/s
128 kbit/s
512 kbit/s (FO)

2 relays
21 ms
16 ms
14 ms

3 relays
21 ms
16 ms
14 ms

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6 relays
41 ms
24 ms
17 ms

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Siemens

7SD52 Pilot Protection: Sliding data windows

faultinception

current,
voltage

voltage

current

time

5 ms charge and
20 ms phasor data windows

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Familiar with digital communication networks

Features of the relay to relay communication
Synchronous data transmission by HDLC- protocol
Permanent supervision of the data transmission
Measurement and compensation of signal transmission time

(max. 20 ms)

Counts number of invalid telegrams

Blocking the diff.protection if transmission failure rate is too high

Settings for the data transmission

(N*64 kBit/s, N settable from 1 - 8, synchronous HDLC-protocol)

Communication device addresses

(Protection devices are clearly assigned to a defined protection

section)

Detection of reflected data in the loops in comms- network

Step 2: Microsecond exact time synchronisation

via satellite (civil - IRIG-B)

(If signal transmission time depends on the transmission direction,
Online high resolution fault recorder)

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Ring and Chain topologie

Automatic change from

closed ring to chain, if
one connection is lost
or not available

side 2

side 2

I2

side 3

I2

Connection to

side 3
I3

I3+I1

I2

I1+I2

I1

side 1

Closed ring
Protection and Substation Control

other diff. relays

I3

I3

I1

I3+I1
I1+I2

side 1

Partial current summation

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Siemens

Breaker-and-a-half Scheme, Through Fault Stabilisation

87L
To remote end

busbar 2

If = through fault current

If = through fault current

busbar 2

busbar 1

Partial differential

Protection and Substation Control

87L
To remote end

87L

busbar 1

Full differential

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Siemens

Topologies: Chain topology for max. 6 line ends

PI1

PI1

PI2

PI1

3
PI2

PI - Protection Interface

PI1

PI1

Protection and Substation Control

PI2

PI1

PI2

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Siemens

Topologies: Ring topology, 6 line ends

PI2

PI1

PI2

PI1

PI1

PI2

PI2

PI1

PI1

PI2

PI1

PI2

PI - Protection Interface

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens

Web-Browser based commissioning tool

Protection and Substation Control

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Siemens
7SD52: Commisioning and Monitoring using Web-Browser

Protection and Substation Control

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