CIVL372 FUNDAMENTALS OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE
Lecture 7
Ch.3: Analysis and Design of
Beams Subject to Bending
3.12 T-BEAMS (FLANGED
SECTIONS)

3.12.1 General
In monolithically cast RC structures, beam and
part of the slabs supported by this beam deform
together.
In case of positive moment parts of the slabs
receive compressive stresses and contribute to
moment resistant capacity of the beam.
In case of positive moment these beams are
called T-Beams.
Slab parts are called flanges and projecting
parts of the beams are called webs or stems

Figure 3.27

Floor system where slab is supported by beams.

Internal beams are symmetrical T-Beams and
external ones are half-flanged T-beams

Design and analysis of a beam is based on the shape of

the compressed zone, not the shape of the whole crosssection since concrete in tension zone is always ignored.
b

bw

bw

bw

(a)
T-beam

(b)
Rectangular
beam (bd)

bw

bw

(d)
Triangular beam

(e)
Rectangular
beam (bwd)
Figure 3.28

(b)
Rectangular
beam (bwd)

(f)
Trapezoidal
beam

3.12.2 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH IN T

BEAMS

Actually compressive stresses in the flange of the beams are not

uniformly distributed.
It is common practice to assume an identical uniform stress
distribution within the flange as seen by the dotted lines. The width
of this part of flange is represented by b"
b

hf

bw
Figure 3.29

 The width "b" is called "effective flange width". According to TS500,

effective flange width, used in design problems, in structural analysis and
in deformation calculations where moment of inertia value is necessary,
should be calculated as explained below and shown in Fig.3.30.
b

hf
bw
b1

Unsymmetrical sections:
sections:
b b1 + 0.1*lp
b b1 + 6hf
b b1 + a

bw
lav

Figure 3.30

Symmetrical
b b w + 0.2*lp
b b w + 12hf
b l av

where lp is the distance between the zero moment points in the bream.
lp can be calculated approximately as lp = l, l being theoretical span length of
the beam.
Values of are given below:
=1
for simple beams
= 0.8 for external spans of continuous beams
= 0.6 for internal spans of continuous beams
= 1.5 for cantilever beams

3.12.3 BENDING STRENGTH OF T BEAMS

Equivalent uniformly distributed stress blocks could also be used in
compressin zones of T beams
The height of the stress block is always assumed equal to a = k1c
In most of the cases a < hf
In the cases where a > hf stresses in the flange and web will be
considered as shown in the figure below:
b
hf

u =0.003

0.85fcd

hf /2

hf

c
d

As

z2

z1
sy

bw
a) T beam and
internal forces

a/2

b) Strains

Figure 3.31

Asf

As-Asf

b - bw

bw

c) Side parts

d) Web part

b
hf

u =0.003

0.85fcd

hf /2

hf

c
d

As

Asf

bw
a) T beam and
internal forces

z2

z1
sy

a/2

b) Strains

As-Asf

b - bw

bw

c) Side parts

d) Web part

Figure 3.31

a) In the first beam:

0.85fcd(b-bw)hf = Asffyd
Asf =

0.85 f cd (b - bw )h f
f yd

(3.67)

In this beam moment arm is z1 = d - hf /2, moment resisted by the first beam is:
Mr1 = Asffyd(d -hf /2)

(3.68)

b) In the second beam:

0.85fcdbwa = (As - Asf)fyd

a=

( A s - A sf ) f yd

(3.69)

0.85 f cdbw

Since moment arm is z2 = d - a/2 , moment resisted by the second beam is:

Mr2 = (As Asf)fyd(d a /2)

(3.70)

Total resisting moment is:

Mr = Mr1 + Mr2 = Asffyd(d -

hf
2

) + (As - Asf)fyd(d -

a
2

(3.71)

In all these calculations it is assumed that the beam is underreinforced.

It is easy to show that balanced steel ratio for T beams where a > hf is:
(3.72)

wb = b + f

in which b is the balanced ratio for rectangular beams and,

f =
If

Asf
bw d

(3.73)

As
w =
wb
bw d

the beam is underreinforced.

In design of T beams w should be equal or less than 0.85wb

Example 3.14
b = 100cm
12cm
47cm

Determine the bending resistance of the beam

shown in Fig.3.32 (Positive moment)
Materials: C16, S220

418
bw=30cm

3cm

Figure 3.32

Example 3.15
100cm
47cm

20cm

3cm
Figure 3.33

12c
m
20cm

Determine the bending resistance of the beam

shown in Fig.3.33
(Positive moment)
Materials: C16, S220

Example 3.16
b =100cm
10cm
66cm

Determine the bending strength of the beam

shown in Fig.3.34
(Positive moment)
Materials: C16, S420

822

4cm

bw= 25cm
Figure 3.34

Example 3.17
100cm
10cm
66cm

12.5cm

12.5cm
822

d'
Figure 3.35

Determine the bending strength of the beam,

which has box-section as shown
in Fig.3.35 (Positive moment).
Materials: C16, S420