Framing:

Framing: Using
Using Words
Words to
to Shape
Shape Meaning
Meaning
and
and Inspire
Inspire Others
Others
Framing
A way to use language to
manage meaning

Leaders
Leadersuse
useframing
framing
(selectively
(selectivelyincluding
including
or
orexcluding
excludingfacts)
facts)to
to
influence
influencehow
howothers
others
see
seeand
andinterpret
interpret
reality.
reality.

Inspirational
Inspirational Approaches
Approaches to
to Leadership
Leadership
Charismatic Leadership.
Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary
leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.

Charismatic
Charismaticleaders:
leaders:
1.1.
2.2.

Have
Haveaavision.
vision.
Are
Arewilling
willingtototake
takepersonal
personalrisks
riskstotoachieve
achievethe
the
vision.
vision.
3.3. Are
Aresensitive
sensitivetotofollower
followerneeds.
needs.
4.4. Exhibit
Exhibitbehaviors
behaviorsthat
thatare
areout
outofofthe
theordinary.
ordinary.

Key
Key Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Charismatic
Charismatic Leaders
Leaders
1. Vision and articulation. Has a visionexpressed as an
idealized goalthat proposes a future better than the present;
and is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are
understandable to others

2. Personal risk. Willing to take on high personal risk, incur high

costs and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve the vision

3. Environmental sensitivity. Able to make realistic

assessments of the environmental constraints and resources
needed to bring about change

4. Sensitivity to follower needs. Perceptive of others abilities

and responsive to their needs and feelings

5. Unconventional behavior. Engages in behaviors that are

perceived as novel and counter to norms

Transactional
Transactional and
and Transformational
Transformational Leadership
Leadership
Transactional Leaders

Contingent Reward

Leaders who guide or motivate

their followers in the direction of
established goals by clarifying role
and task requirements

Management by
Exception (active)
Management by
Exception (passive)
Laissez-Faire

Transformational Leaders
Leaders who provide the four Is
(individualized consideration,
inspirational motivation, idealized
influence, and intellectual
stimulation)

Idealized Influence
Inspirational Motivation
Intellectual Stimulation
Individual Consideration

Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Transactional
Transactional Leaders
Leaders
Contingent Reward: Contracts exchange of rewards for
effort, promises rewards for good performance,
recognizes accomplishments

Management by Exception (active): Watches and

searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes
corrective action

Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes only

if standards are not met

Laissez-Faire: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making

decisions

Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Transformational
Transformational Leaders
Leaders
Idealized Influence: Provides vision and sense of
mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust

Inspiration: Communicates high expectations, uses

symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in
simple ways

Intellectual Stimulation: Promotes intelligence,

rationality, and careful problem solving

Individualized Consideration: Gives personal attention,

treats each employee individually, coaches, advises

Authentic
Authentic Leaders
Leaders and
and Ethical
Ethical Leaders.
Leaders.
Authentic leaders know who they are, what they
believe in and value, and act on those values openly
and candidly.
Followers see them as ethical.

Ethical leaders use ethical means to get followers to

achieve their goals, and the goals themselves are
ethical.

Ethical
Ethical Leadership
Leadership
Actions
Actions
Work
Workto
topositively
positivelychange
changethe
the
attitudes
attitudesand
andbehaviors
behaviorsofof
employees
employees
Engage
Engageininsocially
sociallyconstructive
constructive
behaviors
behaviors
Do
Donot
notabuse
abusepower
poweror
oruse
use
improper
impropermeans
meanstotoattain
attaingoals
goals

Contemporary
Contemporary Leadership
Leadership Roles:
Roles: Providing
Providing
Team
Team Leadership
Leadership

Team
TeamLeadership
LeadershipRoles
Roles
Act
Actas
asliaisons
liaisonswith
withexternal
external
constituencies
constituencies
Serve
Serveas
astroubleshooters
troubleshooters
Managing
Managingconflict
conflict
Coaching
Coachingtotoimprove
improveteam
team
member
memberperformance
performance

Contemporary
Contemporary Leadership
Leadership Roles:
Roles: Mentoring
Mentoring
Mentor
A senior employee who
sponsors and supports
a less-experienced
employee (a protg)

Mentoring
MentoringActivities
Activities
Present
Presentideas
ideasclearly
clearly
Listen
Listenwell
well
Empathize
Empathize
Share
Shareexperiences
experiences
Act
Actas
asrole
rolemodel
model
Share
Sharecontacts
contacts
Provide
Providepolitical
political
guidance
guidance

Contemporary
Contemporary Leadership
Leadership Roles:
Roles: Self-Leadership
Self-Leadership
Self-Leadership
A set of processes
through which
individuals control their
own behavior.

Creating
CreatingSelf-Leaders
Self-Leaders
Model
Modelself-leadership
self-leadership
Encourage
Encourageemployees
employeestoto
create
createself-set
self-setgoals
goals
Encourage
Encouragethe
theuse
useofofselfselfrewards
rewards
Create
Createpositive
positivethought
thought
patterns
patterns
Create
Createaaclimate
climateofofselfselfleadership
leadership
Encourage
Encourageself-criticism
self-criticism

Online
Online Leadership
Leadership
Leadership at a Distance: Building Trust
The lack of face-to-face contact in electronic
communications removes the nonverbal cues that
support verbal interactions.
There is no supporting context to assist the receiver
with interpretation of an electronic communication.
The structure and tone of electronic messages can
strongly affect the response of receivers.
An individuals verbal and written communications may
not follow the same style.
Writing skills will likely become an extension of
interpersonal skills

Challenges
Challenges to
to the
the Leadership
Leadership Construct
Construct
Attribution Theory of Leadership
The idea that leadership is merely an attribution that
people make about other individuals

Qualities
QualitiesAttributed
Attributedto
toLeaders
Leaders
Leaders
Leadersare
areintelligent,
intelligent,outgoing,
outgoing,have
havestrong
strongverbal
verbalskills,
skills,
are
aggressive,
understanding,
and
industrious.
are aggressive, understanding, and industrious.
Effective
Effectiveleaders
leadersare
areperceived
perceivedas
asconsistent
consistentand
and
unwavering
unwaveringinintheir
theirdecisions.
decisions.
Effective
Effectiveleaders
leadersproject
projectthe
theappearance
appearanceofofbeing
beingaaleader.
leader.

MAHATMA
MAHATMA GANDHI
GANDHI

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 30 January

1948) was the preeminent leader ofIndian independence
movementinBritish-ruled India. Employingnonviolentcivil
disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired
movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
Thehonorific Mahatma applied to him first in 1914 in South
Africais now used worldwide. He is also calledBapu in India.