Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

MMB801
Joanna Szmelter - Heat transfer

CLASS TEST ARRANGEMENT 2014-2015

The 45 minutes, open book, Class Test will take place
on Friday in week6 13th March 2015 at 09:00 in rooms T003
(surnames beginning with A-J) and SMB014(surnames
beginning with K-Z).
Students with alternative arrangements will be individually
informed by e-mail about their room allocation.
The test cannot be moved. If for exceptional reasons you are
unable to come to the test, please follow the impaired
performance procedure.

Heat Transfer
Recommended texts
Recommendedreading.

C.A.LongEssentialHeatTransfer,Longman1999.
(Chapters1,2&9)
Y.Bayazitoglu,M.NevatiOzisik,ElementsofHeat
Transfer,McGrawHillBookCompany,1998.
Y.A.CengelHeatTransfer.APracticalApproach,
ElementsofHeatTransfer,McGrawHillBook
Company,2003.(Chapters1,2,3&4)

Heat Transfer in Design and

Manufacturing
Maximize desired heat transfer:
- heating of materials for processing
- household applications (kettle, iron, etc.)
- cooling of electrical components
http://www.gspsteelprofiles.com

http://www.imaging1.com/thermal/images/NikonP4
chipthermal.jpg

http://www.appliancist.com

Heat Transfer in Design and

Manufacturing
Minimize undesired heat transfer:
- Maintaining a temperature difference
Thermos; Refrigerator; Windows

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scie
nce/aqa_pre_2011/energy/heatrev3.shtml

http://www.appliancist.com

Everyday Example: A thermos Flask

Whythisdesign?Howdoesitwork?
Stopper;prevents
convection
Energytransfer(Q)
fromtea
tosurroundings
Vtea=150ml
T(tea)=80 C
T(surroundings)=20oC
Poorlyinsulated;coolsrapidly
o

Tea
(150ml,
80oC)

Insulationreduces
conduction(oftena
vacuum)
Reflectivesurface
reducesradiation
(oftenstainlesssteel)

Howmuchenergyistransferred? Thermodynamics
Howlongdoesittake? HeatTransfer

What is Energy?
Energy is a property of a substance
ALL substances have energy
Various forms: kinetic (motion); potential; chemical

INTERNAL energy (U (J) or u (J/kg) where mass

specific):
Energy associated with substances constituent
molecules
Increases with temperature

Energy is never created or destroyed, it is just

changed from one form to another
Or it is TRANSFERRED between substances

What is Heat Transfer?

Definition: heat transfer is the energy transfer due to a
temperature difference
Study the ability of materials and components to either
transmit, absorb, or prevent the transfer of heat
A RATE of energy transfer (units: J/s = W)
Related to thermodynamics:
1st law: Energy conservation Law: The energy transferred
out of one object = energy transferred into another object
2nd law: Entropy: heat is transferred from the hot object to
the cold object

Material Properties: Heat Capacity

Specific Heat (Cp):
Amount of energy to increase the temperature of a given
mass of a substance (normally increasing 1 kg by 1 K)
Cp=Q/(mT)[J/kgK]
Heat Capacity (C):
Amount of energy to increase the temperature of a given
volume of a substance
C=*Cp[J/m3K]

Representsasubstancescapacitytostoreenergy
(ChangeinSpecificInternalEnergy=u=CpT)

A Heat Capacity Example: The Mug v

The Thermos
V = 150 ml
Tinitial = 90C
Tsurr. = 20C
Cp(tea) = 4.2 kJ/kgK
tea = 980 kg/m3

Find the change in

internal energy of
the tea after 1 hour
if:
a) The tea in the mug
has cooled to 25C
b) The tea in the
thermos has
cooled to 85C

Answer:
Part a): For the mug
Change in Specific Internal Energy =u = CpT
u = 4.2kJ/kgK * (90C 25C)
u = 273kJ/kg
Change in internal energy of the tea in the mug = U
U = m*u = (*V)*u
U = 980 kg/m3 * 1.5 x 10-4 m3 * 273 kJ/kg
U = 40.1kJ

Part b): For the Thermos

As above: u = 21kJ/kg so U = 3.1 kJ

ThechangeinTotalinternalenergy(U)istheamountof
heattransferredfromthedrinktothesurroundings

What is heat transfer?

Study of the movement of heat energy from one place
to another by:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Heat transfer occurs in many engineering

applications and usually is a combination of the
three heat transfer methods is present
e.g.
Engines
Refrigeration and heating devices
Manufacturing processes
Mechanical processes
And from a small to a large scale from solar
systems to microelectronics

Examples:Finiteelementsolutionofconductionequations

14

Examples
Urbanboundarylayers

15

numerical models: applications to atmospheric flows

across a range of scales and physics

X O(10-2) m

O(102) m

Cloudturbulence Gravitywaves
16

O(104) m

Globalflows

O(107) m

Solarconvection

Heat transfer by CONDUCTION

The transfer of heat energy, within a stationary
medium
FROM
a high temperature region (high molecular energy)

TO
a low temperature region (low molecular energy)

Heattransferhasadirectionaswellasmagnitude

Mechanisms of Conduction
In solids due to collision (vibrations) and
motion of free electrons. This is why good
conductors of electricity are good conductors
of heat
In liquids and gases due to molecular
collision and molecular diffusion

18

Material Properties: Thermal

Conductivity
Ability of a material to conduct heat
Represented by k (units are W / m*K)
Definition: The rate at which heat is transferred
through a unit thickness of a material per unit
area per unit temperature difference
Related to collisions between molecules (gases,
liquids) and molecular vibration (solids)
k varies between 0.026 W/mK for air and 2300 W/mK
for diamond (graphite is less).
Liquids are typically in between: water ~0.61 W/mK
Depends mainly on temperature but also pressure

Thermal Conductivity in Solids

Electron flow dominant for metals (free electrons)
Lattice vibration depends on lattice structure

TH

Tequal

TL

Material

k (W/mK)

Air

0.024

Water

0.58

Copper

401

Nickel

91

Copper/nickel alloy (55/45)

23

Silver
Freeelectronstransferenergy Diamond
(depends on orientation)
(movefromTHtoTL)

429
900-2300

Heat transfer by CONDUCTION

Governed by FOURIERS
experimental observation

LAW,

based

on

Where:
Q is the rate of heat energy transfer (rate of heat flow) [W] or [J/s ]
k is thermal conductivity [W/(Km)],
x is a linear distance [m]
A is an area perpendicular to x [m]
T is temperature [oC or K].

Heat transfer by CONDUCTION per unit area

Where:

is the heat flux i.e. therateofheatenergytransferper unit area (W/m2),

23

Materials
Copper

401

Nickel

91

Aluminium

237

Bronze

52

Steel (mild)

70

Insulation materials

24

k, W/(m C) at 300 K

0.05 1.0

25

Conduction

The transfer of energy within a substance

More energetic particles pass energy to adjacent lowerenergy particles
Applies to solids, liquids, and vapours

Thigh
Tlow

Q
high

Q
low

Rate depends on:

Thigh Tlow

Q
high
low

Qconduction kA
x

Material (thermal conductivity, k), thickness, orientation,

temperature difference, surface area

27

Rate of Change
of Internal
Energy due to
Conduction

Rate of Energy
Generation in
the element

Rate of increase of
internal energy over
time dt

E
Q

x
x x
g
t
E
T
mc
t
t

28

Rate of increase of internal energy over time

dt

E
T
T
T
mc
Vc
Axc
t
t
t
t
Where
mmass(kg)
densityofthematerial(kg/m3)
Vvolumeoftheelement(m3)
c specificheat(J/kgK)
T temperature(K)
t time(s)

29

Derivation of 1D heat conduction equation

Apply an energy
balance for the rate of
energy transfer
Taylor expansion
gives

30

E
T
Q x Q x x Q g
Axc
t
t
f ( x)
2 f ( x) x 3 f ( x) x
f ( x x) f ( x)
x

. . .
x
x 2 2!
x 3 3!

Qx x Qx (Qx )x
x

Q x x Q x (Q x )x
x

Qx Qx x (Qx )x
x

Derivation of 1D heat conduction equation

From Taylor
expansion

Qx Qx x (Qx )x
x

T
Q x kA
x

From Fourier law

Qx Qx x (k
) Ax
x x

Q g g Ax

Note also that

Returning to an
energy balance for
the rate of energy
transfer
1D heat conduction
equation
.

T
Q x Q x x Q g Axc
t

(k

T
T
) g c
x
t

g VolumetricheatgenerationtermW/m
g

31

Ax

Heat conduction equation in Cartesian

coordinates
1D conduction
equation

3D conduction
equation

32

(k

T
T
) g c
x
t

T
T
T
T
(k
) (k
) (k
) g c
x x
y y
z z
t

1D Heat conduction equation in Cartesian

coordinates SPECIAL CASES

33

Kelvintemperatureconversion
formulae

Celsius

34

fromKelvin

[
]=[K]273.15

toKelvin

[K]=[
]+273.15

Problems - Cartesian heat conduction

Example 1.
The ends of a steel bar with thermal conductivity 60 W/K m are
maintained at 100 oC and 500 oC. The length of the bar is 1 m.
Find the temperature distribution.

T1 = 100 oC

T2 = 500 oC

T
T

(k
) g c
x x
t

T T1 100 C at x 0 m

2T
0
2
x

T T2 500 C at x 1 m

T
C1
x
T C1 x C2

T1 = 100 oC,
x=0

Subject to boundary conditions:

T1 100 C1 0 C2 C2 100
T2 500 C1 1 100 C1 400
T
400
x
36

and temperature distribution:

T2 = 500 oC

T 400 x 100

T
400
x

T 400 x 100

500
slope=400
100
0

37

Reversethedirectionofthecoordinatesystem

2T
0
2
x
T
C1
x

T T1 100 C at x 1 m
T T2 500 C at x 0 m
T1 = 100 oC,

T C1 x C2 Subject to boundary conditions

T2 500 C1 0 C2 C2 500
T1 100 C1 1 500 2 C1 400

T
400
x
38

Temperature distribution:

T2 = 500 oC
x=0

T 400 x 500