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TURBINES
The common types: Steam, gas, hydraulic and wind
turbines.
Steam and gas turbines: Thermal turbines due to high
temperature of the working fluid. (The temperature of
steam could around 540C and that of air in gas turbine
is1400C).
Steam Turbines are mainly used for electricity
generation.
Gas turbines are used to propel aircrafts because of their
high power to weight ratio.
Steam and Gas turbines
compressors and pumps
machinery.
STEAM TURBINES
Commonly used prime mover - runs large generators to
produce electric power in Thermal or Nuclear power
plants.
High pressure, high temperature steam is generated in
boilers.
This steam continuously interact with alternate rows of
blades.
The blades are stationary (stator /nozzle blades) and
rotating (rotor blades)
This interaction produces the required torque and speed
(shaft power).
In stator blades energy transformation takes place while
in rotor blades energy transfer takes place.
The two aspects of the analysis:
- Energy consideration
ENERGY CONSIDERATION
Steam enters the turbine with high specific energy e1
(energy for unit mass) at section (1) and leaves the
turbine at section (2) with a lower specific energy e2.
Conservation of energy principle:
Power,
PROBLEM
In a steam turbine, the mass flow rate of steam is 15
kg/s. The specific energy at inlet is 3000 kJ/kg while that
at the outlet is 2500 kJ/kg. Determine the power output.
Also determine the torque, if the speed is 3000 r/min.
Neglect the losses.
Solution:
Power = 15 (3000 2500) = 15 x 500 = 7500 kW = 7.5
MW
Torque = power / = (7.5 x106/ 2 x3000) x 60 = 23.87
kN-m.
MOMENTUM CONSIDERATION
The power developed in the turbine can also be
calculated by considering the momentum change.
This analysis leads to an important equation turbine equation.
Specific work (work done/unit mass)
Ws= u (Cu1-Cu2)
Power, P = mws
where u is the blade speed = dn/60
Cu1 and Cu2 - components of steam velocity
in the direction of rotation at inlet and exit
to the rotor.
Euler
DEGREE OF REACTION
Defined as :
1 fraction of energy transfer due to change in KE.
Ex: Total energy transfer is 100 units and of this,
energy transfer due to change in kinetic energy is 40
units.
Degree of reaction,
R = [1- (40/100)] = 0.6 or 60%.
takes
place
COMPOUNDING OF TURBINES
The speed of a simple impulse turbine is very high
(30,000 r/min.)
Most applications require much lower speeds.
Hence we go for compounding of impulse turbines.
Compounding reduces the speed of the turbine without
any drop in its efficiency.
Types of compounding:
- Velocity compounding
- Pressure compounding
- Pressure velocity compounding.
PRESSURE COMPOUNDING
STEAM TURBINE
GE Steam Turbine
Turbine blades
AIRFOIL
Airfoil is a Streamlined body.