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THRESHOLDS

Threshold
Point above the stimulus
Becoming aware of the stimulus

Subliminal threshold
Point below in
which a
stimulus could
be percieved

Absolute threshold

Recognition Threshold
Stimulus is not only detected but also
RECOGNIZED

Terminal Threshold
Above the point in which an object
can be perceived

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE and

WEBERS LAW

Ernst Heinrich Weber

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE

Smallest increase or decrease in the
intensity that a person can detect
half of the time

WEBERS LAW
The higher the intensity, the more
changes required to detect a JND

SENSATION
VS
PERCEPTION

PERCEPTUAL
ORGANIZATION

TOP-DOWN
PROCESSING

BOTTOM-UP
PROCESSING

Guided by previous
Bits and pieces
knowledge
combine to recognize
a pattern
Brain/cognitive
Raw sensory infos first
processes first
Helps us fill missing
We try to give
gaps
meaning to infos
TOP-DOWN and BOTTOM-UP occur
TOGETHER

STRUCTURALISTS:

10 = 2+3+5
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS:

10 > 2+3+5

RULES OF ORGANIZATION

FIGURE-GROUND RULE
We tend to distinguish between a figure
and a ground

 MULTISTABLITY
- Shifting of figure and ground

CLOSURE RULE
We tend to fill in missing parts

WTVR
Nw phnehu
dis??
WLNG FRVR

SIMPLICITY RULE
We tend to organize things the simplest way
possible

SIMILARITY RULE
We tend to group similar things together

ANOMALLY

- Objects can be emphasized if they are dissimilar

to others

PROXIMITY RULE
We tend to group objects that are close to
one another

CONTINUITY RULE
We tend to favor smooth and continous
paths

PERCEPTUAL
CONSTANCY

PERCEPTUAL CONSTENCY
Our tendency to perceive SIZES,
SHAPES, BRIGHTNESS, and
COLORS as remaining the same
even though their physical
characteristics are constantly
changing.

SIZE

CONSTANC

refers to our tendency to

perceive objects as
remaining the same size
even when their images
on our retina are
continually growing or
shrinking.

SHAPE CONSTANCY
refers to your tendency to perceive an object
as retaining its same shape even though when
you view it from different angles, its shape is
continually changing its image on the retina.

BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY refers to the

tendency to perceive brightness as remaining
the same in changing illumination.
COLOR CONTANCY refers to the tendency
to perceive colors as remaining stable
despite differences in lighting.

CULTURAL
DIVERSITY:
INFLUENE ON
PERCEPTION

CULTURAL DIVERSITY
It is the existence of variety in cultural
or ethnic groups within a society.

Cultural Influence
A persuasive pressure to a group of
people to conform to shared
behaviors, values, and beliefs.

CULTURAL
DIVERSITY

FACES
PERCEPTION OF IMAGES
PERCEPTION OF MOTION
PERCEPTION OF THREE DIMENSIONS
PERCEPTION OF BEAUTY
PERCEPTUAL SETS
PERCEPTION

OF

PERCEPTION OF FACES

An individual's understanding and

interpretation of the face, particularly the
human face.

The

proportions and expressions of the human

face are important to identify origin,

emotional tendencies, health qualities,

and some social information.

PERCEPTION OF IMAGES

ANALYTICAL
THINKING
ANALYZING

THINGS
SEPARATELY

HOLISTIC
THINKING
THINKING

MORE
ABOUT THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN OBJECT
AND BACKGROUNDS

AS

A WHOLE

Perception OF
MOTION

Movement perception - process

through which humans and other
animals orient themselves to their own
or others physical movements.

 Visual

Stability - clear visual input despite swaying

and other blurring factors.

Akinetopsia also known

motion blindness, is

a neuropsychological disorder in which a patient cannot

perceive motion in his or her visual field, despite being
able to see stationary objects without issue .
Vestibulo-ocular

reflex or VOR works in

conjunction with the optokinetic reflex (OKR),
which is a feedback mechanism that ensures that the
eye moves in the same direction and at almost the
same speed as an image.

PERCEPTION OF 3D
Impossible

figure is a perceptual

experience in which a drawing seems

to defy basic geometry laws.

WITHOUT FORMAL
EDUCATION

Perceive

WITH FORMAL EDUCATION

it only as a Perceive it as a 3D
2D pattern or flat
pattern
lines.

PERCEPTION OF BEAUTY

Long Necks
Women of the Kayan Tribe in
Thailand start wearing brass
rings around their necks when
theyre just five years old, adding
more rings as they grow older to
elongate their necks. A super-

long neck is considered

beautiful and elegant in this
region and women can wear
over 20 pounds of ring as adults.

Body Scars
In Ethopias Karo Tribe, womens scars are
considered both attractive and super-sexy. The
practice of self-scarring is a form of adornment cherished
by this people of this culture.

Super-Sized Bods
Mauritanian women are lauded for gaining weight, to the
point that young girls have been sent by their parents to camps
where they are force to eat 15,000 calories a day in an effort to
fatten them up. being bigger makes women here more

desirable as wives, as a larger wife is seen as a status

symbol for her husband.

Surgery Bandages
Iran is the Rhinoplasty Capital
of the world. Nose jobs are so
common --- and so much as a
status symbol --- that women will
often wear their post-surgical
bandages longer than needed or
even create fake bandages to
wear without actually having the
surgery.

Long Earlobes
Stretched earlobes are ideal among
the Masai of Kenya, where
women place and elongate their lobes
using stones and pieces of elephant
tusk.

Stretched Lips
Mursi Women of
Southern Ethopia insert clay
The

plates into their lower lips to stretch

them out, increasing the size of the
plate incrementally to make their pouts
ginormous. This ritual is a symbol of
both sexual maturity and beauty.

Face Tats
New Zealand, the Maori
people consider women with
In

tattooed lips and chins to be

the most beautiful. The more
tattoos, the more desirable a woman
is.

PERCEPTUAL SETS
Perceptual

set

tendency to perceive or notice

some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore
others.
is a

Vernon, 1955 perceptual set works in two ways:

According to

(1) The perceiver has certain

expectations and focuses

attention on particular aspects of the sensory data: This he
calls a

Selector'.

(2) The perceiver knows how to classify, understand and

name selected data and what inferences to draw from it. This
he calls an 'Interpreter'.

Expectation and
Perceptual Sets
The physical stimulus
'13' is the same in each
case but is perceived
differently because of
the influence of the
context in which it
appears. We EXPECT to
see a letter in the
context of other letters
of the alphabet, whereas
we EXPECT to see
numbers in the context
of other numbers.

and
Perceptual
Sets
Relates to activating behavior
that is directed towards
achieving a particular goal.
Can be influenced by
physiological factors (bodily
functions eg. hunger) or
psychological (interest or
ambitons)

Emotion and How we are feeling can influence the

way in which we perceive visual
Perceptual Sets
information.
If we are angry, we might be more likely
to perceive hostility in others.

Culture and
Perceptual Sets
Deregowski (1972) investigated
whether pictures are seen and
understood in the same way in different
cultures. His findings suggest that
perceiving perspective in drawings is in
fact a specific cultural skill, which is
learned rather than automatic. He found
people from several cultures prefer
drawings which don't show perspective,
but instead are split so as to show both
sides of an object at the same time.
Deregowski argued that this split-style
representation is universal and is found
in European children before they are
taught differently.

Culture and
Perceptual Sets
Hudson (1960) noted difficulties among South African Bantu
workers in interpreting depth cues in pictures
A correct interpretation is that the hunter is trying to spear the
antelope, which is nearer to him than the elephant. An incorrect
interpretation is that the elephant is nearer and about to be
speared.