HIGHWAY ENGINEERING DCC3113

TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC

This topic exposes the student to history of highways,
profession that involve in highway construction,
transportation engineering definition and the function of
transportation.

TRAFFIC IS DEFINE AS
thenumberofvehiclesmoving

alongroads, or theamountof
aircraft,trains, orships
movingalong aroute
CAMBRIDGE DICTIONORY ONLINE

TYPE OF
TRANSPORTA
TION

LAND

MEDIA
TRANSPORTATIO
N

MOD
TRANSPORTATION

Roadway &
highway

Bicycle, motorcycle,
car, van, trailer &
lorry

Reel @ railways

Trains, LRT, Monorail,

cable car

Cable delivery
powers &
telecommunication

Cable wire

WATER

Damn, open
channel, river &
sea

Boat, sampan, ferry,

hovercraft & kapal
selam

AIR

Airport

Airport, jet, helicopter

LAND & WATER

Pipe system

Pipe

OBJECT TO
BE
CARRIED
Human,
animal &
things
Electricity &
telephone

Human,
animal &
thing
Gas, oil,
water &
chemical
materials

PROFESSION INVOLVE IN
TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION
1. SURVEYOR
2. ROAD AND HIGHWAY

ENGINEER
3. TRAFFIC ENGINEER
4. GEOLOGIST
5. STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

SURVEYOR
Function : undertake the cadastral &

engineering survey.
Involve topographical survey work . The original
terrain must be mapped before the planning &
design work can be done.
Leveling and detailing before and after
construction.

ROAD AND HIGHWAY ENGINEER

Involves in designing, constructing and

maintaining highway systems.

Highway Engineers must take into account
future traffic flows, design of highway
intersections/interchanges, geometric
alignment and design, highway pavement
materials and design, structural design of
pavement thickness, and pavement
Merekabentuk ketebalan lapisan struktur jalan
maintenance
mengikut taraf jalan (jalan raya @ lebuh raya)
Merekabentuk kecerunan & geometri jalan

TRAFFIC ENGINEER
Branch of civil engineering that uses engineering

techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement

of people and goods on roadways.
Focuses mainly on research and construction of the
infrastructure necessary for safe and efficient traffic
flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and
crosswalks, traffic signs, road surface markings and
traffic lights.
Mengira isi padu lalu lintas
Merekabentuk sistem lalu lintas yang sesuai

(jalan sehala, jalan satu lorong @ dua lorong,

jalan bertingkat, simpang berlampu isyarat @
bulatan pusingan)

GEOLIGIST
A scientist who studies the solid and liquid

matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the

processes and history that has shaped it.
Examining the geological suitability of sites for
structures such as tunnels, roads, coastal
installations, bridges & water supply schemes.
Mengkaji jenis & kekuatan tanah bagi

mengetahui keupayaan galas yang boleh

ditanggung oleh tanah di bawah permukaan
jalan
Mencadangkan jenis penstabil tanah dan cerun
yang sesuai

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and

research structural components and structural

systems to achieve design goals and ensure the
safety and comfort of users or occupants.
Structural engineers ensure that buildings and
bridges are built to be strong enough and stable
enough to resist all appropriate structural loads
in order to prevent or reduce loss of life or injury
Merekabentuk struktur binaan (longkang, tembok

penahan, pondok kutipan gol & papan tanda jalan

HISTORY OF ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
1. LATERITE ROAD
2. ROMAN ROAD
3. PIERRE TRESAGUET

ROAD
4. JOHN METCALF ROAD
5. THOMAS TELFORD ROAD
6. JOHN MACADAM ROAD
Figure : Roman Road

LATERITE ROAD
Laterites are soil types

rich in iron and

aluminium, formed in hot
and wet tropical areas.
Use natural or
compacted soil or
compacted as road
surface
Usually constructed in
the rural area.
Slippery when wet.

ROMAN ROAD
Purpose of military movement (400 B.C to 200 A.D)
Road constructed by Roman in 312 B.C
Main characteristics

i. Thickness of the road from about 0.7 m to 1.2m

ii. They were straight without gradient (use for army).
iii. Road were not built on soft soil formation but on
hard stratum reached after excavation

ROMAN ROAD

PIERRE TRESAQUETS ROAD

Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was inspector general of

road in France (1775 to 1785)

He developed an improved method of road
construction.
Thickness of the road 30 cm
Made consideration of subgrade moisture and
drainage from the road surface.
Need for continuous maintenance of road
Developed in France mainly for use of military

PIERRE TRESAQUETS ROAD

Wearing surface

Large foundation stone

on edge 17 cm thick

Broken stone 8 cm
Thick

JOHN METCALF ROAD

A.K.A Blind Jack of Knaresborough or Blind Jack

Metcalf.
First of the professional road builders to emerge
during the British Industrial Revolution.
Blind from the age of six in the period 1765 to
1792.
He built about 300 km (180 miles) of turnpike road,
mainly in the north of England.
Metcalf believed a good road should have good
foundations, well drained & smooth convex
(rounded) surface to allow rainwater to drain
quickly into ditches at the side of the road.
He understood the importance of good drainage -

THOMAS TELFORD ROAD

Mr. Thomas Telford was the son of a Dumfriesshire

shepherd.
Background in stonemasonary & became a civil
engineer.
Improved the method of building roads with
broken stones by analyzing stone thickness, road
traffic, road alignment & gradient slopes
Formation level is horizontal.
Camber is constructed by changing the foundation
layer thickness from 3 or 4 on the side to 7 or
8 in the middle.

THOMAS TELFORD ROAD

JOHN MACADAM ROAD

McAdam realised that the best stone for road surfacing

needed to be angular in shape , crushed and then graded

to a constant size.
The first two layers were a maximum size of 75mm and
were laid to a total depth of 200mm. The third layer had a
maximum size of 25mm and was laid to a depth of
25mm.
Each layer was compacted using a heavy roller. The
centre of the road was built higher than the edges to
assist rainwater in running off to drains built either side of
the road.

JOHN MACADAM ROAD

The whole of the surface was then rolled flat to

bind the stones together.

This gave a hard road surface, free from ruts and
one which was capable of carrying heavy carts
and stage coaches.
MacAdams roads was used not only in Britain but
all around the world.
Later, road surfaces were bound together using
coal tar and were commonly known as
Tarmacadam roads.
Modern roads are still built largely on MacAdams
system and his name has become synonymous
with roads.

JOHN MACADAM ROAD

CATEGORIZE HIGHWAY IN
MALAYSIA
1. TOLL HIGHWAY (Lebuhraya bertol)
2. FEDERAL ROAD (Jalan persekutuan)
3. STATE ROAD (Jalan negeri)
4. COUNCIL/CITY COUNCIL ROAD (Jalan

perbandaran)
5. RURAL ROAD (Jalan luar bandar)

HIGHWAY

A holding company incorporated in Malaysia as a

public listed company on 29 Jan 2002 as a listing

vehicle for PLUS
PLUS formerly known as Highway
Concessionaires Bhd incorporated on 27 JUNE
1986. Changed name to PLUS on 13 May 1988.
Became subsidiary of UEM on 25 May 1988
UEM novated the Expressway concession to PLUS
on 20 July 1988 with the right, liabilities and
obligations.

CORE BUSINESS PLUS

Design, construction, financing, operation and maintenance of
certain toll roads and expressways in Malaysia.
1. NSE The North-South Expressway from Bukit Kayu Hitam to
Johor Bahru
2. NKVE The new Expressway from Bukit Raja to Jalan Duta
3. FHR2 The Route 2 from Batu Tiga to Sungai Rasau
4. ELITE North-South Expressway Central Link from Shah
Alam to Nilai
5. SECONDLINK Tanjung Kupang to Tuas
6. PENANG BRIDGE 7. SPDH From Seremban to Port Dickson

TOLL OPERATION SYSTEM

AN OPEN SYSTEM
User pay the toll upon reaching an open toll plaza
Fixed toll fared regardless of distance and
according to vehicle class
6% of expressways use the open system
A CLOSED SYSTEM
Users collect a ticket at the toll plaza upon entry
and pay upon exit
Fares are based on distance traveled and class of
vehicle
94% of expressways use the system

FEDERAL ROAD (JALAN

PERSEKUTUAN)
Function : to connect major cities (links between city and

state).
All Federal Roads in Malaysia are under the purview of
Ministry of Works (MOW).
According to Minister's Function Act 1969, MOW
responsible to plan, build and maintain all Federal Roads
gazetted under the Federal Road Act 1959.
However, most of the Federal roads' projects was built
and maintained by the Malaysian Public Works
Department (JKR) which are also one of the
implementing agency under the MOW (with exception of
Sabah and Sarawak, whereby JKR in these two states is
under respective state government).

FEDERAL ROAD (JALAN

PERSEKUTUAN)
BIL
1
2
3

KATEGORI JALAN
Jalan Persekutuan Utama
Jalan Persekutuan FELDA
Jalan Masuk ke Institusi
Persekutuan Utama

4
5

Jalan Industri
Lebuh Raya Bertol

NOMBOR JALAN
1 - 249
1000 - 2999
250 - 499
3000 - 3799
E1 E38

FEDERAL ROAD (JALAN

PERSEKUTUAN)
Laluan jalan raya utama yang dibiayai Kerajaan

Persekutuan yang menghubungkan antara bandarbandar utama

Piawaian JKR R5 (Lebar minimum lorong 3.5 m, had
laju rekabentuk 100 km/j
JKR R4 (Lebar minimum lorong : 3.25 m, had laju
rekabentuk 90 km/j

STATE ROAD
(SISTEM LALUAN NEGERI MALAYSIA)
Malaysian state roads are the secondary roads in

Malaysia.
The construction of state roads in Malaysia are
funded by Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR)
of each states.
The standard of state roads are similar with the
federal roads
The code for state road begin with state codes
followed by route number.
For example Johor State Road J32 is labeled as J32

STATE ROAD
(SISTEM LALUAN NEGERI MALAYSIA)
Dibina & diselenggara JKR negeri
Peruntukan kewangan Kerajaan Negeri @

Persekutuan

COUNCIL/CITY COUNCIL ROAD

Branch of state road
Under local authority jurisdiction.
Can also maintained by district JKR

RURAL ROAD
Under the District Office jurisdiction.
Maintained by PWD.
Built & maintained by the district office using

state fund.
Low standard road due to low traffic volume.

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN HIGHWAY

CONSTRUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ROAD AND HIGHWAY PLANNING UNIT (UNIT

PERANCANGAN JALAN)
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (JABATAN KERJA
RAYA JKR)
HIGHWAY COUNCIL MALAYSIA (LEMBAGA
LEBUH RAYA MALAYSIA LLM)
TOWN / DISTRICT / LOCAL COUNCIL (MAJLIS
PERBENDARAAN @ MAJLIS DAERAH)
CITY COUNCIL (DEWAN BANDARAYA)

ROAD AND HIGHWAY PLANNING

UNIT

To conduct feasibility studies to determine the potential

of proposed road projects technically and economically
To study the capacity of the road network system to
accommodate current and future traffic needs.
To conduct traffic census and studies to collect
information about route operation characteristics as
well as other information for road planning purposes
To collect and analyse accident data to identify
accident-prone areas and propose repairmen measure
concepts

ROAD AND HIGHWAY PLANNING

UNIT

Pengumpulan maklumat tentang ciri-ciri

perjalanan & operasi lalulintas & mengkaji
perkembangan & kehendak lalulintas pada masa
hadapan
Menyatupadukan perancangan jalan raya dengan
perancagan guna tanah
Merangka program jangka pendek & jangka
panjang berasaskan keperluan sektor jalan raya
& perkembangan sektor ekonomi

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

(JABATAN KERJA RAYA JKR)
Under the Ministry of Public Works.
PWD is responsible for the implementation of

development projects, particularly the

construction of public buildings, roads, federal,
state roads, bridges & the airport.
PWD involvement from the planning stage to
project completion and carrying out
maintenance projects.

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

(JABATAN KERJA RAYA JKR)
Perancangan, rekabentuk, pembinaan &

penyelenggaraan jalan baru

Perumusan piawaian, polisi & memberi nasihat
kepada JKR negeri berkenaan jalan
Pemprosesan & penentusahan peruntukan
kewangan- kerajaan persekutuan kepada
kerajaan negeri & pihat berkuasa tempatan

HIGHWAY COUNCIL MALAYSIA

(LEMBAGA LEBUH RAYA MALAYSIA LLM)
Local government or the local authority

governing the city category area.

Objective:
1. Creating a comprehensive plan for effective
land use.
2. Arrange traffic & road use in urban areas.
3. Make provision of roads infrastructure &
planning.

HIGHWAY COUNCIL MALAYSIA

(LEMBAGA LEBUH RAYA MALAYSIA LLM)
Menyelia & melaksanakan rekabentuk, pembinaan

& penyenggaraan lebuhraya (kerajaan)

Menyelia & melaksanakan rekabentuk, pembinaan
& penyenggaraan kawasan rehat & rawat (R&R( &
kemudahan lain
Memungut tol daripada penggunaan lebuh raya &
bayaran lain
Merancang & menjalankan penyelidikan untuk
memastikan penggunaan & kemudahan lebuhraya
berkesan
Melaksanakan sebarang tindakan untuk memaju &
menggunakan lebuhraya

TOWN / DISTRICT / LOCAL COUNCIL (MAJLIS

PERBENDARAAN/ BANDARAN/ MAJLIS DAERAH)
Menyediakan kemudahan infrastruktur dengan

bantuan kewangan & khidmat nasihat

Kementerian Perumahan & Kerajaan Tempatan
Menyediakan satu sistem jalan yang baik &
teratur
Pembinaan & penyeggaraan jalan

CITY COUNCIL (DEWAN

BANDARAYA)
Merancang & membangunkan kawasan

pentadbirannya dalam semua aspek

Membuat perancangan jalan, mengurus &
mengawal kesesakan lalulintas & membina &
mengenggara jalan