Lecture on Communication Theory

Chapter 5. Noise in CW Modulation System

5.1 Introduction
- Receiver Noise (Channel Noise) :
additive, White, and Gaussian

5.2 Receiver Model

1. RX Model

- w( t ) : additive, white, and Gaussian, power spectral density

Sw(f)
N0
2

Rw()
N0
( )
2

N0 = KTe where K = Boltzmanns constant

Te = equivalent noise Temp.
Average noise power per unit bandwidth
CNU Dept. of Electronics

D. J. Kim

N0
2

Lecture on Communication Theory

- Band Pass Filter (Ideal case)

SNI, SNQ
N0
2B

2B

BPF

w(t)

n(t)

- filtered noise as narrow-band noise

n(t) = nI(t)cos(2fCt) - nQ(t)sin(2fCt)
where nI(t) is inphase, nQ(t) is quadrature component

- filtered signal x(t)

x(t) = s(t) + n(t)
- Average Noise Power = N0BT
- (SNR)I

average power of the modulated signal s(t)

average power of the filtered noise n(t)

- (SNR)O

average power of the demodulate d message signal

average power of the noise

CNU Dept. of Electronics

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receiver
output

Lecture on Communication Theory

< DSB SSB Signal Noise Power Spectral Density >

- DSB
1

SM(f)

SY(f)

SS(f)
1
4

1
2

P
P
m( t ) P
m(t)cos(2 fC t) 2 ( )
4
2
1
- s(t) m(t)cos(2 fCt ) SS ( f ) SM ( f fC ) SM ( f fC )
4
SS(f)

N0
2

N0
2

N
2W 0 WN 0
2

N
4 W 0 2WN 0
2
1
1
m(t) nI (t)
2
2

- SSB
1
1
4

1
1
1 P P
P
(t)sin(2 fC t)
m(t)cos(2 fC t) m
2
2
4 2 2
4
N0
2

N0
2

N
2W 0 WN 0
2

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N
2W 0 WN 0
2
1
1
1
m( t ) nI ( t ) cos( Wt ) nQ ( t ) sin( Wt )
4
2
2
3

D. J. Kim

Lecture on Communication Theory

2.
1) system
- s(t) by each system has the same average power
- noise w(t) has the same average power measured in the message
BW =W

2) Channel SNR

(SNR )C

average power of the modulated signal

at
average power of the noise in the message BW receiver
input

3)

Figure of merit =

(SNR)O
(SNR)C

5.3 Noise in DSB-SC Receivers

1. Model of DSB-SC Receivers

CNU Dept. of Electronics

D. J. Kim

Lecture on Communication Theory

- s( t ) CA C cos( 2 fC t )m( t )
whe re C : scaling factor
Power spectral density of m(t) : SM (f)
W : message bandwidth
- Average signal power
P

W
- W SM (f) df

C 2 A C2 P
- Average power of s(t)
2
N
- Average noise power 2W 0 W N0
2
(baseband)

- (SNR )C,DSB

C 2 A C2 P

2W N0

2. (SNR)O
- x( t ) s( t ) n( t )
CA C cos( 2 fC t )m( t ) nI ( t ) cos( 2 fC t ) nQ ( t ) sin(2 fC t )
- v( t ) x( t ) cos( 2 fC t )
1
1
1
1
CA Cm( t ) nI ( t ) CA Cm( t ) nI ( t ) cos( 4 fC t ) A CnQ ( t ) sin( 4 fC t )
2
2
2
2
y(t)

1
1
CA Cm( t ) nI ( t )
2
2

CNU Dept. of Electronics

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Lecture on Communication Theory

2
C2 A C
P
- Average signal power
4
1
1
- Average noise power (2W)N 0 W N0 (passband)
4
2
Power(nI (t)) Power of band pass filtered noise n(t) 2W N0
2
2
C2 A C
P 4 C2 A C
P
- (SNR)O

W N0 2
2W N0

Figure of merit
(SNR)O
(SNR )C

1
DSB SC

5.4 Noise in SSB Receivers

- SSB Modulated wave
s( t )

1
1
(t)
CA C cos( 2 fC t )m( t ) CA C sin( 2 fC t )m
2
2

(t) are othogonal, E[m(t)] 0

m(t) and m
(t) are uncorrelated
m(t) and m
their power spectral densities are additive
(t) has the same power spectral density
m(t) and m
C2 A C2 P C2 A C2 P C2 A C2 P
- Message power

4 2
4 2
4
(half of DSB)
- Average noise power W N0 (message BW Noise) (baseband)
(SNR )C,SSB
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C2 A C2 P

4 W N0
6

D. J. Kim

Lecture on Communication Theory

W
W

n( t ) nI ( t ) cos 2 ( fC )t - nQ ( t ) sin 2 ( fC )t
2
2

CNU Dept. of Electronics

D. J. Kim

Lecture on Communication Theory

- Combined output
1
1
1
y(t)
CA Cm(t) nI(t) cos ( Wt) nQ(t) sin ( Wt)
4
2
2
1 2 2
- Average signal power
C A CP
16
1 W N0 1 W N0 1
- Average noise power

W N0 (passband)
4 2
4 2
4
C 2 A C2 P
- (SNR )O,SSB
4 W N0

- Figure of merit

(SNR)O
(SNR)C

same as DSB - SC

SSB

5.4 Noise in AM Receiver

- AM signal
s(t) A C [1 k am(t)]cos(2 fC t)
- Average signal power A C2 (1 k a2P) 2
- Average noise power W N0 (2W
(SNR)C, AM

N0
)
2

A C2 (1 k a2P)

2W N0

- Filtered signal
x(t) s(t) n(t)
[A C A Ck am(t) nI (t)]cos(2 fC t) - nQ (t)sin(2 fC t)
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Lecture on Communication Theory

- By envelope detector

y( t ) envelop of x(t)

[A C A Ck am(t) nI (t)]

1
2
2
nQ (t)

Assume A C [1 k am(t)] nI (t), nQ (t)

y(t) A C A Ck am(t) nI (t)
- (SNR)O, AM

A C2 k a2P

2W N0
Avg carrier power Avg noise power
ka 1

(SNR )O
(SNR )C

- Figure of merit

AM

k a2P

1
1 k a2P

ex1) Single-Tone Modulation

2
Am
m( t ) A mcos(2 fm t) P
2
s( t ) A C [1 cos( 2 fm t)]cos(2 fC t)

(SNR )O
(SNR )C

AM

if 1,
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1 2 2
k A
2 a m
2
1 21 k a2 A m

F.O.M

where k a A m

2 2

1
(max)
3
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D. J. Kim

Lecture on Communication Theory

Threshold Effect
Carrier-to-noise < 1
narrow-band noise n(t)
n(t) r(t)cos[2 fC (t) (t)]
whe re r(t) is envelope, (t) is phase
x(t) s(t) n(t)
A C [1 k am(t)]cos(2 fC t) r(t)cos(2 fC t (t))

y(t) r(t) A C [1 k am(t)]cos[(t)]

r(t) A Ccos[(t)] A Ck am(t)cos[ (t)]
where (t) is uniformly distributed over [0,2 ]
complete loss of informatio n

Threshold Effect : loss of message in an envelope detector that

operates at a low CNR.

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Lecture on Communication Theory

5.6 Noise in FM Receivers

w(t) : zero mean white Gaussian noise with psd = N o/2

s(t) : carrier =fc, BW = BT (fC BT/2)

- BPF : [fC - BT/2 ~ fC + BT/2]

- Amplitude limiter : remove amplitude variations
by clipping and BPF
- Discriminator
slope network or differentiator : varies linearly with frequency
envelope detector

- Baseband LPF : message BW .

- FM signal
s( t ) A C cos[ 2 fC t 2 k f 0t m( t )dt ]
( t ) 2 k f 0t m( t )dt
s( t ) A C cos[ 2 fC t ( t )]

- Filtered noise n(t)

n( t ) nI ( t ) cos( 2 fC t ) nQ ( t ) sin(2 fC t )
r(t)cos[2 fC t ( t )]
r(t) (n ( t ))2 (n ( t ))2
I
Q

where

nQ ( t )

nI ( t )

1
( t ) tan

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Lecture on Communication Theory

x(t) s(t) n(t)

A C cos[ 2 fC t ( t )] r( t ) cos[ 2 fC t ( t )]

r( t ) sin[( t ) ( t )]

A C r( t ) cos[ ( t ) ( t )]

where (t) (t) tan-1

Assume A C r(t)
(t) (t)

r( t )
sin[( t ) ( t )]
AC

2 k f 0t m( t )dt

r( t )
sin[( t ) ( t )]
AC

- Discriminator output
v( t )

1 d(t)
k f m( t ) nd ( t )
2 dt

where
nd ( t )

1 d
{r( t ) sin[ ( t ) ( t )]}
2A C dt
1 d
{r( t ) sin[ ( t )]}
2A C dt

nd ( t )

1 dnQ ( t )
2A C dt

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at discriminator output

at Rx output
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Lecture on Communication Theory

- Figure of merit of FM
(SNR )O
(SNR )C

FM

3k 2fP

3D2
W

where P = message power

W = message bandwidth
kf = frequency sensitivity

f k f Am k f P : frequency deviation
f kf P

: deviation ratio
W
W
D BT
D

< > BT trade off

Noise Performance

ex) Single-tone modulation

f
s( t ) A C cos 2 fC t
sin( 2 fm t )
fm

f
t
2k f 0 m( t )dt
sin(2 fm t )
fm
m( t )
(SNR)O
(SNR )C

f
cos(2 fm t )
fm

FM

3k 2f f fm
W2

2 1
2

3 f

2 W

3 2

f
: modulation index
W
1 3 2
2
AM


0.471
3 2
3
0.5
2 max 4W
wher e

c.f. DSB - SC 2W
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Lecture on Communication Theory

5.7 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM

P.S.D. of noise at FM Rx output

P.S.D. of typical message signal

=> band

Commercial FM radio
signal
noise

H de (f )

1
,
H pe (f )

-W f W

P.S.D of noise nd (t) at the discriminator output

N0 f 2

SNd (f) A C2
0

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BT
2

otherwise
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Lecture on Communication Theory

Average output noise power

N W
2

02 W f 2 Hde ( f ) df
with de - emphasis
AC

Average power of
N0 W 2
2N0 W 3

2 W f df
output
noise
AC
3 A C2

- Improvemen t factor
I

2W 3

ex ) Hpe (f) 1
Hde (f)

3 W f 2 Hde ( f ) df

jf
fO

1
jf
fO

W f
tan W f
3

2W 3
3 WW 1 ff f df
2

fO 2.1kHz,

3 W fO

W 15kHz I 22

13dB
FM Rx without pre - emphasis & de - emphasis : 40 ~ 50dB
FM Rx with pre - emphasis & de - emphasis : 53 ~ 63dB
Applications) FM radio, audio-tape-recording
Dolby-A, Dolby-B, DBX : filtering+dynamic range
compression

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Lecture on Communication Theory

5.8 Summary and Discussion

2
(SNR)C for sinusoidal
2 2
II. DSB - SC, SSB (SNR)O (SNR)C
3
III. FM, 2
(SNR)O 2 (SNR)C
2
IV. FM, 5
III & IV I 13dB
I. AM

(SNR)O

<H.W.> chap 5. 5.7

chap 6. 6.2, 6.7, 6.15, 6.17
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