CHEMICAL

ENERGY CHANGES IN
ENERGETICS
CHEMICAL RXNS

In chemical rxns, energy is always

given out or taken in. This energy is
usually in the form of HEAT!

Exothermic reactions
Energy is GIVEN OUT!
Temperature of the surroundings RISES!
Container feels hotter.
Products
have
LOWER
energy
than the
reactant
s!
Energy level diagram of exothermic reactions

Energy changes in reactions are

caused by the breaking & making
of chemical bonds.
Bond Making >
ExothermicProcess
Bond Breaking >
EndothermicProcess

Bonds
have to
be
broken
1st,
then
new
bonds

Activation Energy
In order to break the bonds, the
reactant particles must collide with
each other. However, these collisions
must happen with sufficient energy
in order to break the bonds in the
reactants.
The minimum amount of energy
required to break the bonds in the
reactant (or start the reaction) is
called activation energy.

Examples of exothermic
reactions:

Neutralization (acid-base)
reactions
Combustion reactions (burning
fuels like natural gas, ethanol,
and hydrogen)
Respiration
Metal+acid rxns

Endothermic
reactions
Energy is TAKEN IN!
Temperature of the surroundings GOES
DOWN! Container feels cold.
Product
s have
HIGHER
energy
than
the
reactan
ts!
Energy level diagram of endothermic reactions

Examples of endothermic
reactions:

Photosynthesis
Reactions happening in cooking

890.3
kJ
energy
is
release
d

25.5 kJ
energy
is
gained

ENERGY FROM FUELS

Fuel
Any substance we use to provide
energy.
The burning of fuels is endothermic /
exothermic.

The fossil fuels

Coal, petroleum (oil), natural gas
(methane)

Two fuels growing in

importance

Ethanol (made from sugar cane

and corn----mixed with petrol or
used in car engines)
Hydrogen (used in fuel cells)

Equations of the fuels for

burning
CH4(g ) +

C2H5OH (l) +

H2 (g) +
Which of these

Nuclear fuels
do not burn.
Have unstable
radioisotopes. These
break down naturally
into new atoms,
producing a lot of
energy.
No CO2 or air
pollutants released.
Finding a safe place
for the radioactive
waste and risk of
explosions

SIMPLE CELLS TO
PRODUCE ENERGY
(ELECTRICITY)

How to make a simple

cell?
Two different
metals
(electrodes) are
dipped into an
electrolyte and
connected
externally with
a conductive
wire.
Electricity is .


A
Att
llee,,
p
poo ee
-- a
arr
ee STT!!
OS
LLO

So;
-Electricity is produced
as a results of constant
motion of electrons in
the external circuit
(wire).
-A redox rxn is

-Zn is more active

metal than Cu.
Therefore, it loses
electrons and
becomes oxidized.
Zn (s) Zn2+(aq) +
2e-Electrons flow along
the wire to the Cu
strip, as a current.
-H+ ions in the
electrolyte gain the
electrons on the Cu
strip and form

Example

1) Draw the diagram of a cell

formed with Mg and Silver metals
dipped into aqueous solution of
AgNO3.
2) Identify the substances oxidized
and reduced.

Differences between
electrolysis and voltaic cells:
1)

2)

THE HYDROGEN FUEL

CELL
H is
2

very
flammab
le! Risk
of
explosio
n
- Electrodes are C.
- Not running
out of H2.
- Only water is formed (no pollutants)!