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DIGESTIVE

GROUP 1

BSA 2-6

FOOD
The nutrients
contained in food is
essential for normal
cell function and for

DIGESTIVE PROCESS

1.Ingestion
2.Digestion
3.Absorption
4.Egestion

INGESTION
It is the process of
taking food or drink
into the body

DIGESTION
It is the breaking down of
complex nutrient molecules
mainly carbohydrates, fats and
proteins into simpler
onesDigestion is the primarily
enzymatic processes by which

PART OF THE FOOD


oPhysical,
BREAKDOWN
performed by the teeth,ARE
which cut:

and chew food and the stomach which churns


it
oMechanically by cutting, grinding , chopping
and crushing.
oThe rest of the process is chemical; food is
converted into simpler forms by the action of
enzymes, acids and salts.

ABSORPTION
It is the movement of
the products of
digestion, such as
glucose or amino acids,
from the alimentary

EGESTION
It is the elimination of
indigestible material, such
as fiber, as well as dead
cells and bacteria from
the body in the form of

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

It is a group of organs that:


1. Breaks down food into chemical
components that the body can absorb
2. Use for energy
3. Use for building and repairing cells
and tissues, together with the accessory
glands (endocrine and exocrine)

Organs of the gastrointestinal


(GI) tract are the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine.
Accessory digestive organs are
the teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

FOOD IS DIGESTED
INTO TWO WAYS:
1. Intracellular Digestion
Inside the cell particularly in the
lysosomes, characteristics of a
unicellular organism
2. Intercellular Digestion

LIPS

The fleshy folds around the entrance of the


mouth
Externally skin
Internally mucous membrane
Main substructure: orbicularis oris or
striated muscles and connective tissues
Contains: eleidin

FUNCTIONS OF
LIPS
KeepingTHE
food in the mouth
Helping to prevent the food from falling
out during the process of mastification
Helping to produce speech and other
sounds (whistling)
Drinking (especially with straw)
Smaller muscles at the corner of the lips

CHEEKS
Fleshy part of the either side of the
face below the eye and between the
nose and ear
Lined with mucous membrane and
stratified squamous, nonkeratinizing type of epithelium
Main substance: striated muscles

MOUTH (ORAL /
BUCCAL CAVITY)

Where food is broken


down for swallowing,
composed of lips,
cheeks, tongue and

SWALLOWING OR
DEGLUTITION
Process by which food or liquid which
is conveyed from the mouth is cut and
ground by the teeth and mixed with
saliva, the tongue pushes it back of
the mouth to the stomach via an
esophagus.

Masticati
on
(Process
of

1. The canines and


incisors (front teeth)
shear the food
2. Tongue pushes the
food between the
upper and lower
premolars and molars
(back teeth) to be
ground by side-byside and circular

Teeth
-are made of hardbone-like material and
are set in shock
absorbent
gums.

Humans have 2 sets of


teeth:
1. Temporary set or
deciduous dentition
Made up of 20 teeth
2. Permanent dentition

TYPES OF
TEETH:

TYPES OF
a. IncisorsTEETH:
(central and lateral incisors) sharp, chisel-shaped teeth, used for

biting and cutting.


b. Canines or Cuspids - cone-shaped
teeth, used to tear food.
c. Premolars or Bicuspids (1st & 2nd
premolars) blunt, broad teeth, used for

d. Molars (1 & 2 molars)


blunt, broad teeth, used for
crushing and grinding.
e. Wisdom Teeth 4 molars
rd
(the 3 ones in line), lying at
the end points of the jaw.
st

nd

Tongue
-A fleshy muscular, flexible
organ that occupies the
floor of the mouth.
Papillae- minute nodules
Taste Buds- responsible for

Types of Papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallates

Saliva
A viscous, colorless, watery,
opalescent, slightly alkaline fluid
secreted into the mouth by the
salivary glands and the mucous
membranes that lines the
mouth.

Salivary Glands
These are found in the oral
cavity.
There are three pairs of
salivary glands: submandibular
glands, parotid glands,
sublingual glands.

Parotid Gland or Parotid


They are situated
subcutaneously on either side of
the face and in front of the ear.
They are extended from the
zygomatic arch above to the
area below the angle of the jaw.

Mumps
-viral infection of the gland.
- In males, after puberty
Orchitis (inflammation of
the Testes) develops in about
cases, only one testes is
affected, becoming swollen,

Submandibular or sumaxilliary
glands or sumaxilliary duct
- these lie between mandible and
the muscles forming the floor of the
mouth on either side.
- they pour their secretions through
the Whartons duct which leaves the
deep surface of the glands and runs
forward to open at the top of the
sublingual papilla on the floor of the

Sublingual glands
- these lie beneath the mucous
membrane of the mouth on the
inside of the tongue.
- smallest of the salivary gland
- They pour their secretions through
Bartolins or Riviniuss duct in
the floor of the tongue or by larger
ducts which join the ducts of the

*Excessive salivation
Production of too much saliva occurs in
numerous disorders including mouth irritation
Caused by:
1. Jogged teeth or dental caries
2. Toothache
3. Gingivitis (inflammation of the gums)
4. Mouth ulcer
5. Painful mouth injury
6. Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)

Gastric Gland
Found in the rugae of
stomach.
Secret gastric juices.
Controlled by medulla of

Composition of Gastric Juices:


Mucin lubrication of food
HCl coverts pepsinogen into
pepsin
Pepsinogen - digest protein
into polypeptide chains
Lipase digests fat into fatty

Intestinal Glands
Found in the intestine
which secretes
intestinal juices.

Composition of Intestinal juices:


Mucin lubrication of food
Enterokinase activates trypsinogen
to trypsin
Peptidases break polypeptide chins
into amino acids
Nucleases break nucleotides into
nitrogen bases, phosphoric acids and

Palate
The roof of the mouth.
Separates mouth from
the nasal cavities.

Types:

* Hard Palate substructure is a plate of


bone forming part of the maxilla (upper
jaw).
* Soft Palate found at the rear of the
mouth, a flap of muscle and fibrous tissue that
projects into the pharynx.

- During swallowing, it presses


against the rear wall of the pharynx,
preventing food from regurgitated into

II. Pharynx or Throat


A cavity at the back of the mouth
where the mouth cavity and the
buccal cavity meet.
Has mucous membrane lining.
The muscles of the entire pharynx
are arranged in tow layers, an
outer circular layer and an inner

Important in:
Breathing and eating
Can change shape to
help form vowel
sounds in speech.

Three Anatomical Regions:


Nasopharynx the uppermost part that serves
as an air passage.
- it connects the nasal cavity to the region
behind the soft palate of the mouth.
Oropharynx middle section passage for both
air and food.
- it runs from the nasophagus to below the
tongue.
Laryngopharynx a passage for food only.

Epiglottis
- a flap of cartilage lying behind
the tongue and in front of the
entrance to the larynx.
Glottis
- the part of the larynx (voice box)
that consists of the vocal cords
and the slit like opening between

III. Esophagus or Gullet


A long muscular, collapsible
tube about 25 cm in length that
carries food from the throat to
the stomach. The top end of
the esophagus is the narrowest
part of the entire digestive tract
and is encircled by the

Peristalsis
- The involuntary
wavelike muscular
contractions that propel
the contained matter
along tubular organs.

Site of Peristaltic Action:


Esophagus during swallowing,
so that the food can be moved
toward the stomach even when
the body is upside down.
Stomach peristalsis help to
mix food with gastric juices and
moves the partially digested

Small intestine in the duodenum


changes to a slow back-and-forth
churning motion that allows more
time for absorption of nutrients.
Large intestine actions occur only
once every 30 minutes. 2 or 3 times
a day, usually following a meal, a
strong sustained wave of peristalsis
passes over the colon.

Cardiac sphincter or
gastroesophageal sphincter
- a muscular ring between the
esophagus and stomach.
- it relaxes to open and let food
through.
- it prevents the backward
movement of food to the
esophagus.

IV. Stomach (abdomen, belly,


tummy) This is the
expanded potion of the
alimentary canal that is
concerned with storage and
digestion of food
The stomach can be divided

Function of the Stomach


-Mixes saliva, food and
gastric juices to form chyme
-Continues the breakdown of
food that is started in the
mouth and completed in the
small intestine
-Acts as storage organ,

-The sight and smell of food


and the arrival of food in the
stomach stimulates gastric
secretion
-Secretes gastric juice, which
contain HCI (hydrochloric
acid), pepsin, intrinsic factor
and gastric lipase

Pyloric sphinctera gatekeeper,


also called
pylorus /
pyloric valve

V. Small Intestine
the major part of
the digestive tract.
It is the site of final
digestion and

Function of Small intestine


-Segmentaion mix chyme with
digestive juices and bring food into
contact with the mucosa for
absorption; peristalsis propels chyme
trough the small intestine/
-Complete the digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids:
begins and complete the digestion of
nucleic acid

Sections of Small Intestine


Duodenum- the first part of
the small intestine. Duct from
pancreas, liver, and gall
bladder feed into the
duodenal glands trough a
small opening called the
Ampulla of Vater which is

Jejunum- Middle, coiled section of the


small intestine. It is partially
responsible for absorbing nuntrients
into the bloodstream. It is lined with
finger-like projection called villi.
Ileum Final, It is specifically
responsible for the absorption of
Vitamin B12 and the reabsorption of
conjugated bile salts. The ileum is
suspended from the abdominal wall

Vl- Large Intestine or Colon


-It frames the loop of the
small intestine. Much of it
is fixed in the position, the
muscles run in bands
rather that form a
continuous sheet along its
length, and there are no

Function of Large Intestine


- Bacteria in the large
intestine produce some
vitamins B and vitamin K.
-Absorption of some water,
ion and vitamins
-Defecation

Sections of the Colon:


Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

Difference of large intestine


from small intestine:
It forms no circular folds
except in the rectum
No villi are present
Goblet cells are abundant
There are no Paneth cells

The longitudinal muscular layer is


localized in 3 thick longitudinal bands
known as teniae coli
The serious coat forms the appendices
epiploicae which are pendulous
protuberances of adipose tissue
The mucosa of the anal region is thrown
into longitudinal folds known as the
rectal column of Morgagni
It forms baglike sacs called haustra when

Defecation (bowel
movement)
is the process of
emptying the large
intestine of its
contents

Normal Composition of Stool


or Feces
character of the stools is
determined by the kind of food
ingested
semi solid inconsistency
100 grams of stools is formed
a day (2/3: water ; 1/3: solid

Feces consist mainly of:


Residue of indigestible material in
food
Bile pigments and salts
Intestinal secretions
Leukocytes migrating from the
bloodstream
Shed epithelial cells

VII. Rectum back passage


refers specifically to the last
section of the large intestinal
tube, between sigmoid
flexure and anal spincter
temporary storage of
undigested food

Four layer:
Outermost serous
layer
Muscular layer
Sub mucous layer

VIII. Anal Canal


extends from the pelvic floor to the
anus
IX. Anus
the canal of the end of the
alimentary tract through which feces
are expelled from the body
1.5 inches (4cm) long, anus is an
extension of the rectum as it passes

Orifice
-internal sphincter, cannot be
controlled voluntarily
-external sphincter, can be
relaxed at will
Flatus
gas or air in the intestine

Accessory Organs of
the Digestive System
1. Pancreas all flesh
an elongated, tapered
gland that lies under the
stomach except for its

Functions:
Digestive functions
secretes pancreatic juice
and bicarbonates
Hormonal functions
islets of Langerhans,

Liver The Bodys Complex


Chemical Factory
The largest and one of the most
important internal organ
Roughly cone shaped or wedge
shaped gland
Reddish brown weighing 1.4
kilograms

Functions:
Digestion and utilization of food bile aids digestion
in the small intestine
Excretory function withdraws damaged and
disintegrated red blood cells from the bloodstream
Circulatory function helps regulate the blood volume
Protective functions and detoxification liver converts
certain poisonous compounds
Hematologic function helps in formulation of blood
and produce fibrinogen
Storage function glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, K and

3. Gall bladder
small, pear
shaped muscular
sac which stores bile

COMMON
DIGESTIVE
DISEASES AND

APPENDICITIS- the accute


inflammation of the
vermiform appendix, a
blind tube projecting from
the cecum.
CONSTIPATION- difficulty in
eliminating bowel

DIARRHEA- a frequent
passage of abnormally
loose, watery stool.
PEPTIC ULCERS- are
ulcers of the stomach
(gastric) or small
intestine (duodenal).

BILIARY SYSTEM- the organs


and ducts by which bile is
formed, concentrated and
carried from the liver to the
duodenum (the first part of the
small intestine.)
Function: It removes waste
products from the liver and
carries bile salts, necessary for

Bile
-is secreted by the liver cells
and collected by a system of
tubes that mirror the blood
supply to the organ.
-it carries away waste products
formed in the liver and helps
break down fat in the small
intestine during digestion. -is

CONSTITUENT OF BILE
1. Waste Product (such as pigment
bilirubin and biliverdin)
Bilirubin - main pigment found in
bile (responsible for the brown
color of feces) - the pigment
associated with jaundice.
Biliverdin - a green compound,
which gives the liquid its greenishbrown color, occuring in bile

2. Cholestrol chemically a lipid,


important constituent of
body cells.
3. Bile Salts - aid in the
breakdown and
absorption of fats.

Some Disorders of the Biliary


System.
1. GALLSTONES - the main disorder
of the gallbladder; which can have
multiple complications affecting the
entire biliary system.
2. CONGENITAL BILIARY ATRESIA the main disorders of the bile ducts.
It is the absence or abnormality of
the bile ducts from birth.

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