Chemistry 103

Lecture 10

EXAM I Survey

How did you do on this exam? (Grade range, dont give your
actual score)
Did your performance meet your expectations?
Did you complete and check the practice exam?
Did you finish all homework?
If you did not meet your performance expectations, what will
you do differently next time?
Please list any recommendations for improving the course.

Outline
EXAM I SURVEY

I. Ionic Compounds (in review)

Nomenclature
Polyatomic Ions/Nomenclature

II. Covalent Compounds

Lewis Dot Diagrams/Lewis structures

Nomenclature
Properties predicted

Bonds

Ionic Bonds - electron transfer process.

Typically between a metal and a nonmetals

Covalent Bonds - electrons shared.

Typically involving nonmetals.

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Atoms acquire octets

To become more stable

By losing, gaining, or
sharing valence electrons

By forming ionic bonds or

covalent bonds

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Metal Ions Why Are They

Positive?

Lets look at Mg. Its electron configuration is

1s22s22p63s2.

If it loses two electrons to become Mg2+, it will have the

electron configuration 1s22s22p6

If it gains 6 electrons to become Mg6-, it will have the

electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p6

8 Valence Electrons!

8 Valence Electrons!

The question is which is easier? To lose TWO electrons or

to gain SIX?

Losing two: Therefore, Mg tends to form Mg2+ ions

Nonmetal Ions Why Are

They Negative?

Lets look at Cl. Its electron configuration is

1s22s22p63s23p5.

If it loses seven electrons to become Cl7+, it will have the

electron configuration 1s22s22p6

If it gains 1 electron to become Cl-, it will have the electron

configuration 1s22s22p63s23p6

8 Valence Electrons!

8 Valence Electrons!

The question is which is easier? To lose SEVEN electrons

or to gain ONE?

Gaining ONE: Therefore, Cl tends to form Cl- ions

Elements in a Compound
Table salt is
a compound
that contains
the elements
sodium and
chlorine.

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Salt is An Ionic Compound

Sodium chloride in table salt is an example of an ionic
compound. Chemical Formula: NaCl

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

IONIC COMPOUNDS Lewis Dot Diagrams/Chemical

Formulas
Ca and Br
Li and O

Nomenclature - Naming
Compounds
FIRST QUESTION: IONIC or COVALENT????

IONIC NOMENCLATURE RULES

(Metal + Nonmetal)

NOMENCLATURE
( Metal + Nonmetal )
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Metal

Metal

(fixed charge)

(variable charge)

Monovalent Positive Ions

(ions with only one charge)

Periodic Table and Some

Ions

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Naming Ionic Compounds

First word of name:

Name of metal in full

If the metal can have more than one positive charge, the
charge is indicated in parentheses in the name.

Examples: Cu+ = copper (I); Cu2+ = copper (II).

Second word of name:

Name of anion (second element in formula) with -ide

ending

Anion Stems

Examples

K3N

AuCl3

PbS

Chromium (III) oxide

Iron (II) oxide

Magnesium Chloride

Periodic Table and Some

Ions

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Check
The correct formula for each of the following is:
1. Copper (I) nitride
A) CuN

B) CuN3

C) Cu3N

B) PbO

C) Pb2O4

2. Lead (IV) oxide

A) PbO2

19

Learning Check
The correct formula for each of the following is:
1. Copper (I) nitride
A) CuN

B) CuN3

C) Cu3N

B) PbO

C) Pb2O4

2. Lead (IV) oxide

A) PbO2

20

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ion

An ion formed from a group of atoms (held together by

covalent bonds) through loss or gain of electrons
Can be the positive or the negative ion in an ionic
compound

Polyatomic Ions to Memorize

NO3-

nitrate

NO2-

nitrite

OH-

hydroxide

SO42-

sulfate

SO32-

sulfite

CO32-

carbonate

PO43-

phosphate

NH4+

ammonium

22

What if the Cation or the

Anion is a Polyatomic Ion?

Name of polyatomic ion replaces the first word of the

name (if the polyatomic ion is positive) or the second
word of the name (if the polyatomic ion is negative)
NH Cl
4

K2SO4

Co2(CO3) 3

Ammonium nitrate

What if the Cation or the

Anion is a Polyatomic Ion?

Name of polyatomic ion replaces the first word of the

name (if the polyatomic ion is positive) or the second
word of the name (if the polyatomic ion is negative)

NH4Cl

Ammonium Chloride

K2SO4

Potassium Sulfate

Co2(CO3) 3

Cobalt(III) Carbonate

Ammonium nitrate

NH4NO3

Molecules and Covalent

Compounds

Molecules

Molecules are made up of two or more

atoms, either of the same element or of
two or more different elements, joined by
one or more covalent chemical bonds
(shared electrons).

Molecular Compounds

Molecular Compounds are made up of

two or more atoms of two or more
different elements, joined by one or more
covalent chemical bonds (shared
electrons).

Lewis Structures/Electron Dot

Diagrams

Lewis structures show us how atoms are

bonded to each other. They can be used
to predict molecular shapes, bond
strength and bond length.

Diatomic Elements

These elements share electrons

to form diatomic, covalent
molecules.

29

Covalent Bonds &

Lewis
Formed when two (or more) nonmetals share valence electrons
Structures
in order to obey the octet rule.

Single bond: two atoms share a pair of electrons between

them (2 shared electrons = 1 bond)
Example: H2

Forming a H2 Molecule

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H2, A Covalent Molecule

(Elemental Form)
In a hydrogen (H2) molecule

Two hydrogen atoms share electrons to

form a covalent single bond.

Each H atom acquires two (2) electrons.

Each H becomes stable like helium (He).

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin

Cummings

Single Covalent Bonds

More examples:

Cl2

HCl

CCl4

Lewis Structures
continued.
Draw the Lewis Structure for O2.

Double Bonds

Double bond: two atoms share 2 pairs of

electrons between them (4 shared electrons = 2
bonds) in order to obey the octet rule

Lewis Structure continued.

Draw

the Lewis structure for N2.