PEMBAGIAN SISTEM

SARAF MANUSIA

MAJOR ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS

Central
nervous
system
(CNS)

The brain and spinal cord, which contain

control centers responsible for
processing and integrating sensory
information, planning and coordinating
responses to stimuli, and providing
short-term control over the activities of
other systems.

Peripheral
Neural tissue outside the CNS that links the
nervous
CNS with sense organs and other
system (PNS)
systems.
Autonomic
nervous
system
(ANS)

Components of the CNS and PNS that

control visceral functions at the
subconscious level.

Receptors are broadly categorized as follows:

1.

2.

3.

Exteroceptors (extero-, outside) provide

information about the external environment in
the form of touch, temperature, and pressure
sensations and the more complex senses of
sight, smell, hearing, and taste.
Proprioceptors monitor the position and
movement of skeletal muscles and joints.
Interoceptors (intero-, inside) monitor the
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary,
and reproductive systems and provide
sensations of taste, deep pressure, and pain.

somatic nervous system

(SNS)

controls skeletal muscle contractions.

The contractions may be voluntary or involuntary.
You are conscious when you are awake and alert.
Voluntary contractions are under conscious control;
you exert voluntary control over your arm as you raise a full
glass of water to your lips.
Involuntary contractions may be simple, automatic
responses or complex movements directed at the
subconscious level.
If you accidentally place your hand on a hot stove, you will
withdraw it immediately, usually before you even notice the
pain.
This type of automatic involuntary response is a reflex.

autonomic nervous
system (ANS)

or visceral motor system,

provides automatic, involuntary regulation of
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular
activity or secretions.
The ANS includes a sympathetic division and a
parasympathetic division.
These ANS divisions commonly have antagonistic
effects.
For example, activity of the sympathetic division
accelerates the heart rate, whereas
parasympathetic activity slows the heart rate.

SISTEM SARAF TEPI

SECARA ANATOMI

12 PASANG SARAF KRANIAL

31 PASANG SARAF SPINAL

Jaringan Saraf

Neuron:

Badan sel
Akson hantaran keluar dari badan sel
Dendrit hantaran menuju badan sel

Neuroglia :

Mikroglia fagosit
Ependima produksi CSF
Astroglia nutrisi esensial
Oligodendroglia menghasilkan mielin

Cell Type

Functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Astrocytes

Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate

ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations; absorb and
recycle neurotransmitters; assist in tissue repair after injury

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinate CNS axons; provide structural framework

Microglia

Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

Ependymal cells

Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cavity); assist in

production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Satellite cells

Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

Schwann cells

Cover all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of some

peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury

THE CEREBRUM

Region/Nucleus

Function

Frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Parietal lobe
Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration,
Primary sensory cortex
pain, temperature, and taste
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex

Conscious perception of visual stimuli

Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex and
olfactory cortex

Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

All lobes
Association areas

Integration and processing of sensory data;

processing and initiation of motor activities

Diencephalon.

Left and right thalamus.

Each thalamus contains relay and processing
centers for sensory information.
A narrow stalk, the infundibulum, connects the
hypothalamus (hypo-, below), or floor of the
diencephalon, to the pituitary gland, a
component of the endocrine system.
The hypothalamus contains centers involved
with emotions, autonomic function, and
hormone production
Subtalamus belum diketahui jelas fungsinya
epitalamus berkaitan dengan sistem limbik

SISTEM LIMBIK

Suatu struktur cincin kortikal dan subkortikal

pembatas yang mengelilingi korpus kalosum
Struktur kortikal : girus singuli, hipokampus
Struktur subkortikal : amigdala, traktus dan
bulbus olfaktorius, dan septum. Beberapa
ahli menyertakan talamus dan hipotalamus
Fungsi : pengalaman dan ekspresi alam
perasaan : takut, marah, emosi, ingatan.

CEREBELLUM

Subdivision

Region/Nucleus Function

Gray matter

Involuntary coordination and control of ongoing

Cerebellar cortex movements of body parts

White
matter

Cerebellar nuclei

Same as for cerebellar cortex

Arbor vitae

Connects cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar

peduncles

Cerebellar
peduncles
Superior

Link the cerebellum with mesencephalon,

diencephalon, and cerebrum

Middle

Contain transverse fibers and carry communications

between the cerebellum and pons

Inferior

Link the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and

spinal cord

Transverse
fibers

Interconnect pontine nuclei with the cerebellar

hemispheres on the opposite side

2 fungsi cerebellum:

Menjaga postur tubuh

Meprogram dan mengontrol
gerakan halus

Brain stem

brain stem

mesencephalon,
pons,
medulla oblongata.

Mesencephalon.

Otak tengah
Refleks penglihatan dan koordinasi
gerakan penglihatan
Refleks pendengaran misal :
menggerakkan kepala ke arah datangnya
suara

MESENCEPHALON

Pons

The term pons is Latin for "bridge";

Menghubungkan kedua hemisfer
serebelum serta menghubungkan
mesensefalon di bagian atas dan medula
oblongata di bagian bawah
In addition to tracts and relay centers,
the pons also contains nuclei involved
with somatic and visceral motor control.

PONS

Medulla oblongata.

The spinal cord connects to the brain at the

medulla oblongata.
The medulla oblongata relays sensory
information to the thalamus and to centers in
other portions of the brain stem.
The medulla oblongata also contains major
centers concerned with the regulation of
autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and digestion

MEDULLA OBLONGATA