5-6 Resume Kuliah Stainless Steel

Baja Tahan Karat
(Feritic Stainless Steel)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno
Kuliah Baja Paduan dan Super Alloy
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

University of Indonesia
Semester Ganjil 2015-2016
Schaefler Diagram
University of
Indonesia
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Indonesia
Key Points:
Over 150 grades of SS available, usually
categorized into 5 series containing alloys w/
similar properties.
AISI classes for SS:
200 series = chromium, nickel,manganese (austenitic)

300 series = chromium, nickel (austenitic)
400 series = chromium only (ferritic)
500 series = low chromium <12% (martensitic)
600 series = Precipitation hardened series (17-7PH, 177 PH, 15-5PH)
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Standard Stainless Steel
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400 Series SS (Ferritic):

Ferritic, Automotive trim, chemical processing, blades,
knives, springs, ball bearings, surgical instruments. Can
be heat treated!
Contain between 10.5% and 27% Cr, little Ni and usually
molybdenum.
Common grades: 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, and 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni
Magnetic (high in Fe content) and may rust due to iron

content.
Lower strength vs 300 series austenitic grades
Cheap
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Ferritic Stainless Steel (Generasi I)
KOMPOSISI KIMIA FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL GENERASI I

KOMPOSISI WT %
UNS
TYPE
C
Cr
Mo
LAIN2
S42900
429
0.12
14.0-16.0
S43000
430
0.12
16.0-18.0
S43020
430F
0.12
16.0-18.0
0.6
0.06P;0.15 min S
S43023 430FSe
0.12
16.0-18.0
0.15 min Se
S43400
434
0.12
16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25
S43600
436
0.12
16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 Nb+Ta = 5x%C min
S44200
442
0.2
18.0-23.0
S44600
446
0.2
23.0-27.0
University of
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Ferritic Stainless Steel (Generasi II)
KOMPOSISI KIMIA FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL GENERASI II

KOMPOSISI WT %
UNS
TYPE
C
Cr
Mo
Ni
LAIN2
S40500
405
0.08 11.5-14.5
0.1-0.3 Al
S40900
409
0.08 10.5-11.75
0.5
Ti = 6xCmin to 0.75%max
409Cb
0.02
12.5
0.2
0.4 Nb
S44100
441
0.02
18
0.3
0.7 Nb, 0.3 Ti
AL433
0.02
19
0.3
0.4 Nb, 0.5 Si, 0.4 Cu
AL466
0.01
11.5
0.2
0.2 Nb, 0.1 Ti
AL468
0.01
18.2
0.2
0.2 Nb, 0.1 Ti
YUS436S 0.01
17.4
1.2
0.2 Ti
S43035
439
0.07
17-19
0.5 Ti = 0.2 + 4(C+N)min to 1.0max
12SR
0.2
12
1.2 Al, 0.3 Ti
18SR
0.04
18
2.0 Al, 0.4 Ti
K41970
406
0.06 12.0-14.0
0.5
2.75 - 4.25 Al , 0.6 Ti
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University of
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Aplikasi Ferritic Stainless Steel

Aplikasi SS 430
Produk Flat Rolled (plate, sheet and coil)
Refrigerator cabinet panels
Linings for dish washers
Aplikasi SS 409
Automotive exhaust systems
Catalytic converters
Type 408heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11%

chromium, 8% nickel.
Type 409cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts;
ferritic (iron/chromium only).
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Type 410martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wearresistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
Type 416easy to machine due to additional sulfur
Type 420Cutlery Grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's
original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
Type 430decorative, e.g., for automotive trim; ferritic. Good
formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion
resistance.
Type 440a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon,
allowing for much better edge retention when properly heattreated. It can be hardened to approximately Rockwell 58
hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to
its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and
replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known
as razor blade steel. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B,
440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A,
having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stainresistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually
considered more desirable in knifemaking than 440A, except
for diving or other salt-water applications.
Metallurgy and Materials
UI
Type Engineering
446For Department
elevated temperature
service
Baja Tahan Karat

(Austenitic Stainless Steel)

University of
Indonesia
Austenitic Stainless Steels

Tipikal: 18%Cr, >8%Ni, <0.1%C
Sifat- Sifat Penting

Chromium-nickel steel digunakan secara luas dan
dikenal dengan nama 18-8 (Cr-Ni) steel
Umumnya ketahan korosi sangat baik.
Kecuali pada lingkungan khlorida
Ketahanan panas baik

ketahanan creep dan oksidasi pada temperatur tinggi
yang baik.
Ketangguhannya baik (pada Temp tinggi dan rendah)

Kekuatan rendah hingga moderat.
Keuletan dan mampu bentuk baik.
Mampu las baik.
Non Magnetik
Harga relatif tinggi (sebab mengandung Nikel)
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200/300 Series SS (Austenitic):
Most common SS (roughly 70% of total SS production)
Used for flatware, cookware, architecture, automotive, etc.

0.15% C (max), 16% Cr (min) and Ni or Manganese
Austenitic, High strength, best corrosion resistance. High temp capability
up to 1200 F. non-magnetic, good ductility and toughness, not hardenable
by heat treatment, but they can be strengthened via cold working, best
corrosion resistance but most expensive, corrosive in hydrochloric acid.
General use where corrosion resistance is needed.
Typical alloy 18% Cr and 10% Ni = commonly known as 18/10 stainless
Also have low carbon version of Austenitic SS (316L or 304L) used to avoid
corrosion problem caused by welding, L = carbon content < 0.03%
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Aplikasi Austenitic SS
Sangat luas.
pipes, heat
exchangers, tanks for
food, chemical,
pharmaceutical,
offshore and paper
industries.
Baja dengan paduan

yang lebih tinggi untuk
lingkungan yang lebih
agresif.
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Penggunaan Austenitic SS
Chloride containing environments

Heat exchanger tubes
Pipe systems within
Off shore
Chemical and Petrochemical
Hydrometallurgy
Desalination
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AWS Welding Handbook
Type 301highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly

during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance
and fatigue strength than 304.
Type 302same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher
strength due to additional carbon.
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Type 303free machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and
phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.[10]
Type 304the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel.
Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506.[10]
Type 304L same as the 304 grade but contains less carbon to
increase weldability. Is slightly weaker than 304.
Type 304LNsame as 304L, but also nitrogen is added to obtain a
much higher yield and tensile strength than 304L.
Type 308used as the filler metal when welding 304
Type 309better temperature resistance than 304, also sometimes
used as filler metal when welding dissimilar steels, along with inconel.
Type 316the second most common grade (after 304); for food and
surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents
specific forms of corrosion. It is also known as marine grade stainless
steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to
type 304. 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
316L is an extra low carbon grade of 316, generally used in stainless
steel watches and marine applications due to its high resistance to
corrosion. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506.[10] 316Ti
includes titanium for heat resistance, therefore it is used in flexible
chimney liners.
Type 321similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of
titanium.
See alsoDepartment
347 with addition
of niobium for desensitization
Engineering
UI
University of
Indonesia
AWS Welding Handbook
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Sifat Mekanik Austenitic SS
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Austenitik Stainless Steel
Baja Tahan Karat

(Duplex Stainless Steel)

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Phase Diagram of Duplex SS
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Duplex Stainless Steel
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Metallurgy of Duplex SS
Selama solidification, duplex pertama kali
membentuk ferrite
Pada penurununan temperatur austenite terbentuk
Pada cast duplex
a structure of austenite islands in a ferrite matrix (dark)
Pada wrought alloys

the microstructure has a morphology of laths of
austenite in ferrite matrix (dark)
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Typical Microstructure of Duplex SS

(wrought and cast)
Wrought
Ferrite :
gelap
Autenite :
terang
cast
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Microstructure of Duplex SS
Duplex stainless steels have microstructures
a mixture of austenite and ferrite
ferrite
The microstructure shows an

image of a duplex 3RE60 grade
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Ferrite Phase
Keberadaan ferrite dalam austenite menyebabkan:
better intergranular corrosion resistance and
stress corrosion cracking resistance
Dibandingkan dengan austenitic stainless steel
Tetapi keberadaan ferrite dalam austenite juga:

Menyebabkan terjadinya reaksi pembentukan berbagai
variety of secondary phases (keras dan brittle),
Berakibat terhadap corrosion resistance
mechanical properties (khususnya impact toughness)
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Application of Duplex SS
Chemical processing, transport and storage

Oil and gas exploration, offshore rigs and refining
Marine environments
Pollution control equipment
Pulp & paper industry
Desalination plants and seawater systems
Pressure vessels, reactor tanks and heat exchangers

Rotors, impellers and shafts in industrial equipment
Digesters, storage and clarifier tanks, stock washers
for the pulp and paper industry
Absorber towers, FGD systems in pollution control
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Group of Duplex Stainless Steel

1.
Lean duplex,
2304 (S32304), which contain little or free of Mo
Fe-23Cr-4Ni-0.1N
2. Standard 2205 (S32205)
for more than 80% of duplex use
Fe-23Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-0.15N
PREN = 30 -36 (Pitting Resistant Index)
3. High alloy 25 %Cr duplex
such as 255 (S32550) and S31260
Fe-25Cr-5Ni-2.5Mo-0.17N-Cu
PREN = 32 - 40
4. Superduplex, with 25-26 %Cr and increased Mo and N
such as 2507 (S32750)
Fe-25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-0.25N-W-Cu
PREN > 40
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Pitting Resistance Index
Composition also plays a major

role in the corrosion resistance of
duplex stainless steels.
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Pitting Resistance Index

C
Cr
Ni
Mo
Others
0.020
22.1
5.6
3.1
0.18
S=0.001
Seri 2205
PREN = [Cr%] = 3.3 [Mo%] = 16 [N%] 34
Cr
Ni
Mo
Others
0.020
23
0.2
0.1
S = 0.001
Seri 2304
PREN (Cr%) + 3.3 (Mo%) = 16 (N%) 24
Cr
Ni
Mo
Others
0.020
25
4.0
.27
S=0.001
Seri 2507
PREN = [Cr%] + 3.3 [Mo%] + 16 [N%] 40
THE DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS FAMILY

University of
Indonesia
Composition
Grade (%)
Cr
Ni
Mo
Cu
PREN
Corrosion
resistance similar
to
UR 35N (2304)
0,02
23
> 0,1
0,2
0,12
> 24
316L
UR 45N (2205)
0,02
22
5,7
3,1
0,18
33/36
317L, 317LMN,
904
UR 47N+/52N+
(2507)
0,02
25,5
3,7
-/1,5
0,25
>40
904L, 6MO
Composition
Grade (%)
YS Rp 0,2
(Mpa)
UTS/Rm
(Mpa)
A%
USA
EU
UR 35N (2304)
> 400
> 600
> 25
32304
4362
UR 45N (2205)
> 480
> 680
> 25
UR 47N+/52N+
(2507)
> 560
> 760
> 25
31803, 32205
(+A923)
32750
32550/32520
4462
4410
4507
HIGH STRENGTH
Rp 0.2%
(MPA)
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EU
EU Standard
Standard
ASTM
ASTM
Yield strength
(Ksi)
600
(47 N+) 4410
(52 N+) 4507
L
P
U
EX
(47N+) 32550
(52N+) 32750
500
(35 N) 4362
70
(45N) 31803
32205
(45 N) 4462
400
80
(35N) 32304
DUP
LEX
60
50
(B26) 4529
Austenitic
300
(B25) 31254
200
317LMN
904L
317L
316L
304L
(B25) 4547
4439
(B6)
4539
4404
4307
40
30
20
Duplex stainless steels yield strength range

from 400Mpa (UR 35N) to 560Mpa (UR 52N+)
Austenitic
SCHAEFFLER-DELONG Diagram
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STRESS CORROSION CRACKING

C
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300
UR 52N+ 570
No cracking
200
UR 45N
390
UR 35N
100
Constant-strain tests in autoclave
Above the curve, SCC occurs.
Open circles mean no SCC for UNS
32520/UR 52N+
210
AISI 316
AISI 304
0.001
Duplex stainless steels behave much better

than austenitic stainless steels
0.1
32
10 Cl-
(%)
PRECIPITATIONS OBSERVED IN FUNCTION OF TIME AND

TEMPERATURE
Temperature
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of
Indonesia
1400
(C)
(UR 45 N - 4462)
FERRITE 100 %
1200
Increase of ferrite content

)
=
Heat treatment
1000
Heat treatment
range
800
DO NOT
USE
500
LONG TERM SERVICE EMBRITTLEMENT
'
Cu --> EMBRITTLEMENT
Maximum service limit

300
SAFE SERVICE RANGE (- 50, 300C)

0
LOW TEMPERATURE BRITTLENESS ( <- 50C)
1
10
100
(Seconds)
1000
1
104s
10
100
1000
Hours
104h
105h
Time
Baja Tahan Karat

(Martensitic Stainless Steel)

University of
Indonesia
500 Series SS (Martensitic):

Not as corrosion resistant as the other classes but
extremely strong and tough as well as machineable and
can be hardened via heat treat.
High strength structural applications (Su up to 300 ksi)
nuclear plants, ships, steel turbine blades, tools, etc.
Magnetic
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Martensitic Stainless Steel

Merupakan paduan chromium
dan karbon yang mengalami
distorsi struktur kristal bcc
(body centered cubic) pada
saat proses pengerasannya.
Komposisi :
Cr : 10,5 18 %
C : >
1,2 %
Sifat :
- ferromagnetik
- hardenable
- tahan terhadap korosi pd
lingkungan tertentu
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Penggunaan Martensitik SS
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Penggunaan Martensitik SS
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Tipe Martensitic Stainless Steel

410
410 S
431
414
403
422
420
416
440 C
416 Se
440 B
420 F
440 A
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Martensitik Stainless Steel
Type 408heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11%

chromium, 8% nickel.
Type 409cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts;
ferritic (iron/chromium only).
University of
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Type 410martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wearresistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
Type 416easy to machine due to additional sulfur
Type 420Cutlery Grade martensitic; similar to the
Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
Type 430decorative, e.g., for automotive trim; ferritic. Good
formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion
resistance.
Type 440a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon,
allowing for much better edge retention when properly heattreated. It can be hardened to approximately Rockwell 58
hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to
its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and
replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known
as razor blade steel. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B,
440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A,
having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stainresistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually
considered more desirable in knifemaking than 440A, except
for diving or other salt-water applications.
UI
Type Engineering
446For Department
elevated temperature
service
University of
Indonesia
University of
Indonesia
Baja Tahan Karat

(Precipitation Hardening
Stainless Steel)

University of
Indonesia
600 Series Precipitation Hardening

Martensitic SS:
Have corrosion resistance comporable to 300 series austentic
grades but can be precipitation hardened for increased strength!
Key: High strength + corrosion resistance BOTH.
Why? Aerospace industry defense budgets determined 2% of
GDP spent dealing with corrosion so developed high strength
corrosion resistant steel to replace alloy steels.
Lockheed-Martin Joint Striker Fighter 1st aircraft to use PH SS
for entire airframe.
Common Grades:
630 grade = 17-4 PH (17% Cr, 4% Ni),

17-4 PH,
15-5 PH
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Precipitation Hardening SS
Precipitation hardening stainless steel
pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun
1940 oleh United State Steel Corporation
Adanya chromium dan nickel yang terdapat dalam
baja dapat menciptakan very high tensile
strengths.
Keuntungan baja ini adalah dapat dibuat pada
dalam kondisi "solution treated.
Dapat dikeraskan dengan proses "ageing" yang
dapat mengurangi distorsi pada komponen.
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Precipitation Hardening SS
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Austenitic PH-SS
chemistry composition of austenitic precipitation hardening stainless steel

Alloy
A-286
17-10P
C
0.05
0.1
Mn
1.45
0.6
P
0.03
0.3
S
0.02
0.04
Si
0.5
0.5
Cr
14.75
17.0
Ni
25.25
11.0
Mo
1.30
Al
0.15
V
0.3
Ti
2.15
Mechanical properties of austenitic precipitation hardening stainless steel

Alloy
Ultimate tensile stress

(MPa)
Yield strength
(Mpa)
Elongation
(%)
Reduction area
(%)
Hardness
(BHN)
A-286
17-10P
1034
986
690
676
25
20
40
32
34
31
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Semi-austenitic PH-SS
Chemistry composition semi-austenitic precipitaion hardening stainless steel

Alloy
17-7PH
15-7Mo
14-8Mo
AM-350
AM-355
C
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.10
0.13
Mn
0.50
0/60
0.02
0.75
0.85
Si
0.30
0.30
0.02
0.35
0.35
Cr
17.0
15.2
15.1
15.5
15.5
Ni
7.1
7.1
8.2
4.35
4.25
Mo
2.2
2.2
2.75
2.75
Mechanical properties of semi-austenitic precipitation hardening stainless steel

Alloy

(MPa)
Yield strength
(Mpa)
Elongation
(%)
Hardness
(BHN)
17-7PH
15-7Mo
14-8Mo
AM-350
AM-355
1379
1655
1586
1420
1510
1276
1551
1428
1207
1248
9
6
6
12
13
43
48
48
46
48
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Martensitic PH-SS
Chemistry composition of martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel

Alloy
Mn
17-4PH
15-5PH
Custom 450
Stainless W
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.50
H13-8 Mo
Custom 455
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.25
Si
Cr
Ni
Moderate strength
0.60
16.0
4.2
0.04
16.0
4.5
0.25
15.0
6.0
0.50
16.75
6.25
High strength
0.03
12.7
8.2
0.25
11.75
8.5
Mo
Al
Cu
3.4
3.4
1.5
0.8
0.2
2.2
Ti
0.8
1.1
2.5
1.2
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Martensitic PH-SS
Mechanical properties of martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel
Alloy

(MPa)
17-4PH
15-5Mo
Custom 450
Stainless W
1310
1310
1351
1345
H13-8 Mo
Custom 455
1551
1689
Yield strength
(Mpa)
Moderate strength
1207
1207
1269
1241
High strength
1448
1620
Elongation
(%)
Hardness
(BHN)
14
14
14
10
42
42
42
42
12
10
47
49
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Aplikasi PH Stainless Steel

Aplikasi precipitation hardening stainless
steel :
Aerospace hardware
A-286 high temp untuk mesin jet
Turbin wheel
Fan
Fastener
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Strength and Ductility of

Stainless Steel
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Toughness of Stainless Steel
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Properties of Stainless Steel
Alloy Group
Austenitic
Magnetic
Response1
Work Hardening
Rate
Corrosion
Resistance2
Hardenable
Generally No
Very High
High
By Cold Work
Duplex
Yes
Medium
Very High
No
Ferritic
Yes
Medium
Medium
No
Martensitic
Yes
Medium
Medium
Quench & Temper
Precipitation
Hardening
Yes
Medium
Medium
Age Harden
Ductility
High Temperature
Resistance
Low Temperature
Resistance3
Weldability
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Duplex
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Ferritic
Medium
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
High
Alloy Group
Austenitic
Martensitic
Precipitation
Hardening
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5-6 Resume Kuliah Stainless Steel

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Baja Tahan Karat

(Feritic Stainless Steel)

Kuliah Baja Paduan dan Super Alloy

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

200 series = chromium, nickel,manganese (austenitic)

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Standard Stainless Steel

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

400 Series SS (Ferritic):

Magnetic (high in Fe content) and may rust due to iron

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Ferritic Stainless Steel (Generasi I)

KOMPOSISI KIMIA FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL GENERASI I

Ferritic Stainless Steel (Generasi II)

KOMPOSISI KIMIA FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL GENERASI II

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Aplikasi Ferritic Stainless Steel

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Type 408heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11%

Baja Tahan Karat

Kuliah Baja Paduan dan Super Alloy

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

Austenitic Stainless Steels

Sifat- Sifat Penting

Ketahanan panas baik

Ketangguhannya baik (pada Temp tinggi dan rendah)

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

200/300 Series SS (Austenitic):

Most common SS (roughly 70% of total SS production)

Used for flatware, cookware, architecture, automotive, etc.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Baja dengan paduan

Chloride containing environments

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

AWS Welding Handbook

Type 301highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

AWS Welding Handbook

Sifat Mekanik Austenitic SS

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Sifat Mekanik Austenitic SS

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Sifat Mekanik Austenitic SS

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Austenitik Stainless Steel

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Baja Tahan Karat

Kuliah Baja Paduan dan Super Alloy

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

Phase Diagram of Duplex SS

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Duplex Stainless Steel

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Pada wrought alloys

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Typical Microstructure of Duplex SS

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The microstructure shows an

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

Tetapi keberadaan ferrite dalam austenite juga:

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Chemical processing, transport and storage