Bone Marrow Structure and

Blood Development
Dr. dr. Zen Hafy, SAg, MBiomed.

Department of Histology Faculty of Medicine

University of Sriwijaya

Blood and Blood

Development

Competencies: Upon completion of this section

of the course the student must be able to:
Know the different cells and constituent components of
blood.
Recognize the differences between cells in blood based
upon their morphology.
Understand how the structural differences in the cells
results in the different functions these cells carry out.
Use this information above to determine how the cells
would function to provide a defense against unwanted
pathogens.
Know how each of the cells develops including the origin
of the cell and its lineage.

Blood & Blood

Blood
Development
Cells and Platelets
46% blood volume
Red Blood cells 45%

White Blood cells 1%

Plasma (5 6 L)
54% blood volume
water (90%)
proteins (7%)
electrolytes, waste products(1% )
nutrients, hormones (2%)

Blood & Blood

Development

Formed Elements of Blood:

Red Blood Cells = Hematocrit
White Blood cells
Agranular Leukocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Granular Leukocytes
Eosinophils
Neutropils
Basophils

Platelets

Buffy Coat

White Blood Cells

1.
Granular or Multinuclear white blood cells:
- Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
2.
Agranular or Mononuclear white blood
cells:
- Monocyte
- Limphocyte

Reference Values

Test
Red Blood Cells

Male = 4.3 5.9 x 1012/L

Female = 3.5 5 x 1012/L

Hemoglobin

Male = 140 180 g/L

Female = 120 160 g/L

Hematocrit

Male = 41% - 52%

Female = 35% - 47%

Neutrophils
Polys)
Eosinophils

(Segs

or

50% 75%, 2 8 x 109/L

1% 5%, 0 0.7 x 109/L

Basophils

0 2%, 0 2 x 109/L

Monocytes

2% - 9%, 0 0.8 x 109/L

Lymphocytes

20% 44%, 1 4 x 109/L

Platelets

140,000 - 400,000/cmm
150 350 x 109/L

Bone Marrow
Marrow
Stromal
Compartment

Adipose cells
Fibroblasts
Stromal cells
Vascular
endothelial cells
Macrophages
Blood vessels.

Hematopoietic
cell
compartment
Hematopoietic
cells

Periosteum

Fat cell
Sinus

Outer cortical bone

RBCs
Marrow cavity

Granulocytes

Demo Slide
Image 1/1

Megakaryo.

Bone marrow, rib, paraffin section - low mags.

Actively hemopoietic (red) marrow is filled with developing RBCs, WBCs,
platelets, and lymphocytes. Reticular ct supports the developing cells.
Large, light staining fat cells vary in number. Colonies of dark staining cells
are developing RBCs, usually situated at the edge of blood-filled sinuses.
Megakaryocytes are large pink cells also obvious near the sinuses. The
remaining cells are mostly developing granulocytes.

Bone Marrow Smear

Bone Marrow smear at low mag. Whole cells are spread thinly to reveal
cellular details for further identification under oil immersion magnification.

Blood Cell Development

Red blood cells, monocyte, granular cells,

thrombocyte

Lymphocyte

Blood Cell Development

Red Blood Cells

Red blood cell development changes
with the age of an individual.
In the embryo, hematopoiesis begins in
the yolk sac.
In the fetus, it shifts to the liver and the
spleen.
In adults, blood cells are made in the
red bone marrow.
175 billion red cells are normally made
each day.

Red Blood Cells

biconcave discs without nuclei

7.8 m in diameter
flexible
cytoskeletal proteins impart flexibility
remain in circulating blood for 100 120 days

Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells

The plasma membrane of a Red Blood Cells is:
40% lipids
50% protein
10% carbohydrates
Texture and flexibility of the membrane is constructed by
membranes cytoskeletons : spectrin, actin, band 4.1
and 4.9

Red Blood Cell

Development
Erythropoietin growth factor
Made by interstitial cells of the kidney
Stimulates maturation of red blood
cells
Stimulates production of hemoglobin
Erythropoietin increases in response
to hypoxia or anemia.

Reticulocytes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Immature erythrocytes
Circulate in the blood for 2 days
Bigger than RBCs
Have a bluer cytoplasm.
It takes seven days to go from a proerythroblast to
a RBC
Number of reticulocyte in marrow is higher than in
periphery blood.
An increase in reticulocytes may indicate a loss of red
blood cells or anemia.

White Blood Cells

1.
Granular or Multinuclear white blood cells:
- Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
2.
Agranular or Mononuclear white blood
cells:
- Monocyte
- Limphocyte

Neutrophils

Neutrophils
Two types of granules
Primary or azurophilic granules - essentially
lysosomes

Acid phosphatases
Acid hydrolases
Myeloperoxidase
Elastase
other lysosomal enzymes

Secondary or specific granules

alkaline phosphatases
collagenase
lactoferrin
Lysozyme

Neutrophils
Involved in phagocytosis and destruction of
bacteria .
First, secondary or specific granules fuse with the
phagosomes and release enzymes into it.
Then, primary or azurophilic granules will actively
complete the digestion of the particles.

Neutrophils
In an extended inflammatory reaction
neutrophils will die.
If this reaction is intense then the
result is the production of viscous fluid
called pus.
The lifespan of the neutrophil is
6 7 hours in the blood stream
1 4 days in the connective tissue

An increase in neutrophils in the blood

indicates an infection.

Eosinophils
The eosinophil has coarse red granules; its nucleus
often has 2 or 3 lobes.
Granules have a crystalline core that contains major
basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein, which
are involved in the destruction of bacteria and
parasites.
The rest of the granule contains a number of enzymes
that participate in the digestion of bacteria, protozoa,
and parasites.
These enzymes also are involved in the activation of
histamine and leukotrienes .
remain in the blood for approximately 8 12 hours
The azurophilic granules are lysosomes with hydrolytic
enzymes.
These cells can trigger bronchial asthma

Basophils

Basophils can remain in the blood for

approximately 8 hours

12 m in diameter
nucleus can have 2
lobes or be multilobed
dark blue granules
granules contain
enzymes that are
involved in the allergic
reaction
enzymes are histamine,
heparin, eosinophilic
chemotactic factor,
leukotrienes and
peroxidase

Basophils
Histamine causes vasodilation.
Leukotrienes cause slow and more prolonged
vasodilation.
Promote migration of white blood cells into the
connective tissue.
Involved in bronchial asthma and allergic skin
reactions.

Monocytes
Monocytes are cells
approximately 15 - 20
m
Nucleus usually is
kidney-shaped or
indented
cytoplasm is described
as light blue or bluishgray
contain lysosomes in
the cytoplasm
function is phagocytosis
remain in the blood for
up to 12 - 100 hours

Monocyte

Lymphocyte
The lymphocyte is a small, round, blue-staining
cell.
The heterochromatic nucleus is round, dark
staining, and nearly fills the cell,
Lymphocytes circulate in the blood for less than 12
hours
In the connective tissue the lifespan of the
lymphocytes is quite variable
Larger lymphocytes tend to be cells that have been
stimulated by an antigen
Go on to produce either T or B lymphocytes

Lymphocyte
Development

Sm. Lymphocyte, 6-9

RBC

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Platelets

Platelet
Platelet

Platelets are cell fragments whose size varies between 2 - 4

microns (compare to RBC, 7 , neutrophil 15 ) . They have no
nuclei, their cytoplasm stains light blue and is slightly granular.

Platelets
shaped like a disc
have an outer zone - hyalomere
Microtubules maintain shape
Actin filaments - produce filopodia

inner region containing granules granulomere

calcium ions, pyrophosphate ADP and ATP
fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor
and other platelet proteins.
lysosomal granules

Megakayocytes

Megakaryo.

Bone marrow, paraffin section - low mag.

Megakaryocytes are large pink cells obvious near the sinuses.
The remaining cells are mostly developing granulocytes.

Megakayocyt
e
Mature

Megakayocyte, ~ 200

The megakaryocyte begins its development from a megakaryoblast.

Early in development it undergoes mitotic divisions to increase its numbers
Later it undergoes only endomitotic divisions.
The nucleus of these cells is quite variable and multilobed
The cytoplasm is abundant and granular
Gives rise to thousands of platelets during the cells lifetime

Thrombopoietin = made in the liver and stimulates megakaryocytes from CFUs

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Basophil

Lymphocytes

Monocyte

Summary slide.
Granular leukocytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil.
Non-granular leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocyte.

Pluripotential Stem Cell

CFU-GEMM

CFU-GM
CFU-M CFU-G CFU-Eo CFU-Bas CFU-E

CFU-Meg

CFU-L

Monoblast Myeloblast
Proerythroblast
Promyelocyte

Megakaryoblast

Lymphoblasts
(T & B)

Basophilic
Erythroblast

Myelocytes
Polychrome
Metamyelocytes

Megakaryocyte
Lymphocyte
& Plasma cell

Orthochrome

Monocyte Mature granulocytes

RBC

Platelets