INFINITESIMAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS

& WEARABLE ANTENNAS

Group 11

Presented By:

SINDHUJA M
SINDHUJA S
SRIKKANTH SRIDHAR
SUJITHA T
MANIVANNAN R
GANGADHARAN

Classification of Wire Antenna

Elements

Electrical Size
Electrical Size of an Antenna - the
physical dimensions of the antenna
defined relative to wavelength.
Electrically small antenna - the
dimensions of the antenna are small
relative to wavelength.
Electrically large antenna - the
dimensions of the antenna are large
relative to wavelength.

Infinitesimal Dipole Antenna

The simplest type of wire antennas is
infinitesimal dipole antenna.
The antenna is assumed to be
inifnitesimal if its length L is much
less than the wavelength: L << .
Typically: L < /50 and very thin: r
<< .

Geometry

Radiation Patterns
Both, electric and
magnetic fields
depend on the angle
and have a maximum
when = 900 (the
direction
perpendicular to the
dipole axis) and a
minimum when =
00.

Field Regions of the Infinitesimal Dipole

We may separate the fields of the

infinitesimal dipole into the three
standard regions:
Reactive near field kr << 1
Radiating near field kr > 1
Far field kr >> 1(r>> /2)

Near-Field Region (Reactive near

field)
Components are in phaseQuadrature (i.e They are orthogonal
to each other.)
It is mathematically equivalent to
that of a D.C Current Segment.

Near field equations

Intermediate Field(Radiating Near

Field)
The radial Component of the electric
field diminishes.
As r gets very large the radial
component is reduced to zero.
E and H are now in phase which
yields a Poynting vector for these two
components which is purely real
(radiation).

Far-Field
The Field consists only of two
components which are orthogonal to
each other. Thus this is now a TEM
plane wave.
Wave Impedance is equal to the
impedance of the medium.
The Field equations are obtained by
substituting kr>>1.

Far-Field Equations

Radiation Pattern in 3D

Applications
Used to Model other antennas.
Used to model Capacitor-Plate
Antennas

Capacitor Plate Antennas

Wearable Antennas

 A wearable antenna is meant to be a

part of the clothing used for
communication purposes, which
includes tracking and navigation,
mobile computing and public safety.
Thus Wearable antennas have to be
flexible and also at the same time
their performance must not
deteriorate while bending.

Difficulty in Wearable
Antennas
In the case of on-body environment,
it is diffcult to keep the wearable
antenna un-bent all the time and it
becomes bent quite often due to
body movements.
The bending may modify the
performance characteristics of the
antenna as its resonant length gets
altered.

 For the convenience of the user,

wearable antennas need to be hidden
and of low profile. This requires a
possible integration of these antenna
elements within everyday clothing.
Microstrip patch is a representative
candidate for any wearable
application, as it can be made suitable
for integration into clothing.

Fabric Substrate

Design of Textile Antennas

A thin, conducting rectangular
copper patch on an insulating fabric
substrate backed by a copper ground
plane.

Textile Rectangular Patch

Antenna

Design Considerations:
Ground Plane must be sufficiently
large so as to minimize the radiation
which enters the body from the patch
antenna.

Radiation Patterns

 A large ground plane (120mm x

120mm) must be used in order to
minimize the strength of the back
lobe.
Still the effects of radiation on body
is not completely removed. A small
amount of radiation may still pass
through.

Design Parameters

Design Parameters

Material: Polyester
Length : 47.9mm
Width: 55.43
Dimensions of Ground Plane:
120mmx120mm
Ground Plane: Copper
Patch material: Copper
Loss Tangent:0.01

 Substrate Thickness: 2.85 mm

Dielectric Constant : 1.44
Design Frequency : 2.45 GHz

Advantages & Applications

Flexible & Unobtrusive.
Can be Extended for Bluetooth
Systems.
Constant Communication possible

 Can Revolutionize communication

and mobile phones.
Enhances GPS Tracking for Military
Personnel.
When Interfaced with Medical
sensors, it provides a continuous
monitoring of health on the go.
Safety and Navigation.