Electrical Technology Topic 1 Sem 1 Politeknik

DET1013 - ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 1:
Introduction to
Electric Circuit
AUTHORS:
AMINAH BINTI OTHMAN
JAAFAR BIN SURADI
JUNAIDA BINTI SHAARI
ZULKURNAIN BIN ABDUL
COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOME
1. Apply the concept and principles of DC
electrical circuit using different method
and approach. (C3, PLO1)
2. Solve DC circuit problems using
appropriate DC electrical laws and
theorems. (C3, PLO2)
3. Conduct the laboratory activities of DC
electrical circuit using appropriate
electrical equipment. (P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate ability to work in team to
complete assigned task during practical
work sessions. (A3, PLO11)
TOPIC TITLE (RTA)

CHAPTE
R
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TITLE
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
AND NETWORK
THEOREMS
CAPACITORS AND
CAPACITANCE
INDUCTORS AND
INDUCTANCE
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT,
ELECTROMAGNETISM
AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
RTA
08:12
08:10
05:00
05:04
04:04
LEARNING OUTCOME (2
Hours)
1.1 Know standard symbols for electrical components.

1.1.1 Identify common symbols in electrical circuit
diagrams.
1.2 Understand the general features of cells and
batteries.
1.2.1 Describe the difference between cells and
batteries.
1.2.2 Show the effects of different cell connections:
a. series
b. parallel
c. series-parallel
1.2.3 Calculate the total voltage of series sources
Standard Symbol for Electrical

Components
conductor /wire
Cell (dc supply)
resistor
G
galvanometer
ground/earth
switch
Battery (dc supply)
AC supply
inductor
capacitor
voltmeter
ammeter
Cell
A single unit of a primary or
secondary battery that converts
chemical energy into electric energy.
Battery
A battery is a series of two or more
connected cells, which changes
chemical energy into electrical
energy.
Relationship of Cells &

Batteries
A Battery is a combination of
cells
Cell combination could be in
SERIES, PARALLEL & SERIESPARALLEL
Practically, a cell is also
notified as a battery.
Series Connection Cells
Series Connection Cells

Example 1.1
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit
below
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4
= 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0
= 8V
Parallel Connection Cells
Parallel Connection Cells

Example 1.2
below
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 = E2 = E3 = 2.0V
Series-Parallel Connection
Cells
Series-Parallel Connection
Cells
Example 1.3
below
Total e.m.f. for series cells, ESeries = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4

= 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0
= 8V
Total e.m.f., ET = ESeries = 8V
Series Connection with same

Polarities
Example 1.4
below
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2
=8+6
= 14V
Series Connection with opposite

Polarities
Example 1.5
below
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2
=8-6
= 2V
SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.
i)
5V
11V
4V
A
Answer: 20V
ANSWER
44V
ii)
44V
B
A
44V
Answer: 44V
ANSWER
SELF-EXERCISE
follow.
iii)
4V
B
3V
2V
5V
6V
A
Answer: 7V
ANSWER
Answer: 120V
ANSWER
1V
iv)
4V
4V
4V
A
30 cells
SELF-EXERCISE
follow.
v)
14V
B
20 cells
14V
Answer: 14V
ANSWER
14V
5V 5V
5V
vi)
B
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
Answer: 50V
10 cells
ANSWER
LEARNING OUTCOME (1
Hour)
1.3 Know
electric current and quantity of electricity.
1.3.1 State the definition of electric current.
1.3.2 State the unit of charge.
1.3.3 Indicate charge or quantity of electricity Q
from Q=It.
1.4 Know the main effects of electric current.
1.4.1 Identify the three main effects of electric
current,
giving practical examples of
each.
1.5 Understand resistance and resistivity
1.5.1 Explain that electrical resistance depends on
four
factors.
Electric current, I
Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of
charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)
Equation:
dq = changing of charge
I = dt = changing of time
I = current (ampere)
For steady state condition:
Q = charge (coulomb)
I = , thus Q = It t = time (second)
Electric current, I
Example 1.6
If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes,
find the charge transferred.
Q = It = 5 x 2 x 60 = 600 C
Main Effect of Electric

Circuit
1. Heat Effect - Example: soldering iron,
water heater, fuse, bulb, cookers, electric
fires, furnaces, kettles, iron
2. Magnetic Effect - Example: bells, relays,
motors, generators, transformers,
telephones, lifting magnets, car ignition
3. Chemical Effect - Example: cell and battery,
electroplating
Resistance & resistivity

Resistance property of a
component which restricts the flow of
electric current.
The value of resistance depends
upon 4 factors:
1. Length, l
2. Cross-sectional area, A
3. resistivity,
4. temparature

Equation:
R = [Unit = ]
R = resistance []
l = Length [m]
A = Cross-sectional area [m2]
= resistivity [.m]
Resistivity is difference for different

material

Example
1.7
Calculate resistance of a 5m long
conductor if it has cross sectional area
and resistivity .m
Resistance, R= =
= 1.5
Resistor (R)
A device that is manufactured to

have specific resistance.
Used to limit current flow and reduce
voltage applied to other components.
Basic unit is ohm ()
Resistor (R)
Different examples of resistors
SELF-EXERCISE
i)
In what time would a current of 1 A transfer a

charge of 30 C?
Answer:
30s
ANSWER
ii) What would be the resistivity of 2m length

conductor wire if the resistance value is 500
and the cross sectional area 0.5
ANSWER
Answer:
125m
LEARNING OUTCOME (1
Hour)
1.6 Understand Ohms Law.
1.6.1 Explain Ohms Law.
1.6.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using
Ohms Law
1.7 Apply Ohms Law in circuit.
1.7.1 Construct circuit to explain Ohms Law.
1.7.2 Use Ohms Law to find current, voltage and
resistance in
a circuit.
.
Ohms Law
Ohms Law states that the current (I)
through a conductor between two points

is directly proportional to the potential
difference or voltage (V) across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the
resistance (R) between them.
I=
Ohms Law Triangle

V = IR
V I=
I
R
R=
Simple Circuit
E = E.M.F. (Electromotive force)
- Generates from voltage

source
- Example: cells / batteries
From Ohms Law:
Current =
I=
Simple Circuit
V drop = Voltage drop
--------------------------- appears when current, I flows
through resistor,R.
- Inverse polarity from E
From Ohms Law:
Voltage = Current x Resistance
V drop = IR
Simple Circuit
A complete circuit should consist of at
least 1 electricity source (battery) and 1
load (resistor)
I
+
Current will only produce when the

source (battery) is connected to the load
(resistor) in close loop connection.
Source
A battery possess e.m.f. that produces

DC current.
Load
Simple Circuit
load (resistor)
I
+
E
Source
Vd
-
Load

DC current.

When current flows across resistor, R,
voltage drop, Vd will be produced across
R
Simple Circuit
load (resistor)
I
+
E
Source
Vd
-
Load

DC current.

When current flows across resistor, R,
voltage drop, Vd will be produced across
R
Simple Circuit (Example)

Example 1.8
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit
below, calculate:
i) Current, I
ii) Voltage drop across resistor 10,
Vdrop
I
+
10
15V
-
Vdrop
-
Simple Circuit (Example)

I
+
10
15V
-
Vdrop
-
i) Current, I = = = 1.5A
ii) Voltage drop, = IR = 1.5 x 10 = 15V
SELF-EXERCISE
A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and
causes a current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the
resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now
reduced to 25 V, what will be the new value of the
current flowing?
RANSWER
= 20k
I =ANSWER
1.25mA
LEARNING OUTCOME
(2 Hours)
1.8 Understand series, parallel and series-parallel

connections.
1.8.1 Identify a series circuit.
1.8.2 Explain the flow of current and voltage
division in
the series circuit.
1.8.3 Identify a parallel circuit.
1.8.4 Explain the voltage drop and the current
division in
the parallel circuit.
1.8.5 Explain the equivalent resistance in series and
parallel
circuits.
LEARNING OUTCOME
Hours)
1.9 Apply (2
series,
parallel and series-parallel connections to dc
circuit.
1.9.1 Construct a series connection circuit
1.9.2 Calculate the flow of current and voltage division in
the series
circuit.
1.9.3 Construct a parallel circuit.
1.9.4 Calculate the voltage drop and the current division in
the
parallel circuit.
1.9.5 Construct a series-parallel connection circuit.
1.9.6 Calculate the equivalent resistance in series and
parallel
circuits.
1.9.7 Calculate the total resistance for the combination of
series and
parallel circuit.
1.9.8 Use of voltage divider in series circuit and use of
current divider
in parallel circuit.
Series Circuit
Is formed when any number of
devices are connected end-to-end so
that there is only one path for current
to flow.
Series Circuit
Characteristics
Series Circuit
Characteristics
1. Resistances are additive
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
2. The current flows throughout the circuit is same.
I = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
3. Different resistors have their individual voltage drop
VR1 VR2 VR3
4. Total e.m.f equals to the sum of voltage drops across
each resistor
E = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
Equivalent resistance in
series
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
Applicable to any means of resistors.
Standard equation of series connection
resistors.
Equ.
1
Equivalent resistance in series

(resistors with same value)
RT = r x n
Equ.
2
r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors
Applicable for any means of resistors with same

value.
Voltage Divider Rule
VR1 = x E
Series Circuit (Example)

Example 1.9
By referring to the circuit above, calculate:
i) Total resistance of the circuit,
ii) Current, I
iii)Voltage drop across resistor 6,
4
15V
Series Circuit (Example)

4
i) Rtotal = 4 + 6 + 8
= 18
8
15V
ii) I = = = 0.833A
iii) VR2 = IR2 = 0.833 x 6 = 5V

or
VR2 = x E = x 15 = 5V
use VDR
Parallel Circuit
Is formed when two or more devices
are arranged in a circuit side by side
so that current can flow through
more than one path
Parallel Circuit
Characteristic
Parallel Circuit
Characteristic
1.
Total
resistance can be determined from:
RT =
2. Different resistors have their individual current.
IR1 IR2 IR3
3. Same voltage acts across all parts of the circuit
E = VR1 = VR2 = VR3
4. Supplied current equals to the sum of different current flows
through each resistor.
I = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Equivalent resistance in
parallel
RT =
Equ.
1

Standard equation of parallel connection
resistors.
Equivalent resistance in parallel

(2 resistors case)
RT =
Equ.
2
Applicable for 2 resistors connection only.
Equivalent resistance in parallel

(same value case)
RT =
Equ.
3
r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors
Applicable for any means of resistors with same

value.
Current Divider Rule (CDR)
IR1 = x I
Equ.
1

Standard equation of current divider rule
Current Divider Rule (2 Resistors

case)
IR1 = x I
Equ.
2
Applicable for 2 resistors connection only.
Parallel Circuit (Example)

Example 1.10
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit
above, calculate:
i) Total resistance of the circuit,
ii) Current, I
iii)Voltage drop across resistor 8,
iv) Current through resistor 4,
20V
Parallel Circuit (Example)

i) Rtotal = = 1.846
20V
8
ii) I = = = 10.83A
iii) VR3 = E = 20V

iv) IR1 = = = 5A
or
CDR
IR1 = x I = x 10.83 = 5A
Series-Parallel Circuit
For this diagram:

R1 is parallel with R2.
Ra is series with equivalent resistance of R1
and R2.
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel

Circuit
reference
point
RT is the equivalent resistance of Ra, R1 and R2

Start solving by calculating the total resistance of parts located farthest
away from the reference point.
Exception: if there are any series/parallel connection resistors at any
part of circuit which is not farthest from the reference point, solve the
total resistance of the series/parallel connection first. Then you can
use the tips mentioned above to solve your problem.
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit

(Example )
Example 1.11
Calculate equivalent resistance, of the
circuit below.

(Example )
Rb =

(Example)
RT = Ra + Rb

(Example )
Example 1.12
Calculate the total resistance, RT of the
circuit below.
A
10
10
4
3
8
RT

(Example )
A
10
10
4
3
8
RT
Ra
Step 1: Identify any series/parallel connection (in between) and

calculate the total resistance.
Ra = 4 + 8 = 12

(Example )
A
10
10
4
Ra
12
8
RT
Step 1: Identify any series connection (in between) and calculate

the total resistance.
Ra = 4 + 8 = 12

(Example )
A
Ra
RT
10
10
12
Rb
Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the
total resistance.
Rb = 5 + 6 = 11

(Example )
A
Ra
RT
10
10
12
Rb
6
11
Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the
total resistance.
Rb = 5 + 6 = 11

(Example )
A
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rb
11
Rc
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rc = = 2.36

(Example )
A
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rc
3
2.36
Rb
11
point.
Rc = = 2.36

(Example )
A
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rc
2.36
Rd
point.
Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36

(Example )
A
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rd
Rc
12.36
2.36
point.
Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36

(Example )
A
10
Ra
RT
12
Rd
12.36
9 R
e
point.
Re = = 6.09

(Example )
A
10
ReRa 6.09
12
RT
Rd
12.36
point.
Re = = 6.09

(Example )
A
10
Re
RT
6.09
Step 4: Finally, calculate the total resistance, RT of the circuit.
RT = 10 + 6.09 + 9 = 25.09

(Example )
Example 1.13
Calculate the total resistance across point
A-B
6k
10k
3k
6k
3k
9k

(Example )
Reference point
RT
6k
10k
A
Ra
3k
3k
6k
Ra = 3k + 3k = 6k
9k
B

(Example )
Reference point
RT
6k
10k
A
Ra
3k 6k3k
6k
Ra = 3k + 3k = 6k
9k
B

(Example )
Reference point
RT
6k
10k
A
6k
6k
Rb
Rb = = 2k
9k
B

(Example )
Reference point
RT
6k
10k
A
2k
6k
6k
Rb
Rb = = 2k
9k
B

(Example )
Reference point
RT
10k
2k
9k
RT = 10k + 2k + 9k = 21k
(Example)
Example 1.14
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit above,
calculate:
i) Equivalent resistance of the circuit, Rtotal
ii) Current from supply, Is
iii)Current through resistor 18k
4k
iv)Voltage drop
across
resistor 8k,
Is
2k
20V
+
-
8k
18k
20k
6k
Is
20V
(Example)
i) R
+
-
8k
18k
20k
Rtotal
total Calculation
4k
2k
Temporarily, remove voltage

source from the circuit.
The open nodes leaved by
your voltage source would
be your reference point
6k
Ra
Ra = 4k + 8k + 6k = 18k
(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
4k
2k
18k
20k
Ra
18k
8k

6k
Rtotal
Ra = 4k + 8k + 6k = 18k
(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
2k
18k
Ra
20k
Rtotal
Rb
Rb = = 9k
18k

(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
2k
Rb
18k
9k
Ra
20k
Rtotal
Rb = = 9k
18k

(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
2k
RRtotal
b
31k
9k

20k
Rtotal = 2k + 9k + 20k= 31k
Is
20V
+
-
(Example)
ii) I
s Calculation
Rtotal
31k
Is = = = 645.16 A
Place voltage source back

to the circuit.
Your current from source is
calculated using Ohms Law
(Example)
ii) I
645.16A
18 Calculation
4k
2k
Use current divider rules

(CDR) or any other relevant
methods
I18
20V
+
-
8k
18k
20k
6k
(Example)
ii) I
645.16A
18 Calculation
4k
2k
Use current divider rules or

any other methods relevant
I18
20V
+
-
Ra
18k
20k
18k
8k
6k
If Use CDR: I18 = x 645.16 = 322.58 A

Other method: I18 = = 322.58 A
(Example)
ii) V
2k
645.16A
4k
322.58A
20V
+
-
18k
20k
6k
8 Calculation
Calculate the current flows

322.58A through 8k resistor first
Use Ohms Law to calculate
the Voltage drop
8k
Other method as Voltage
Divider Rule (VDR) also
could be used here if you
understand well the
technique
I8 = 645.16 322.58= 322.58 A
(Example)
ii) V
2k
645.16A
322.58A
20V
+
-
18k
20k
8 Calculation
4k
+
V8
6k
Calculate the current flows

322.58A through 8k resistor first
Use Ohms Law to calculate
the Voltage drop
8k
Other method as Voltage
Divider Rule (VDR) also
could be used here if you
understand well the
technique
I8 = 645.16 322.58= 322.58 A

V8 = IR = 322.58 x 8k = 2.58V
SELF-EXERCISE
Find the value of the total resistance, current from
supply and voltage drop across resistor 90 in the
diagram as below
4
22
= 24.5
ANSWER
90
50V
8
IANSWER
= 2.041A
ANSWER
= 45.92V
LEARNING OUTCOME
1.10 Understand DeltaStar transformation.
1.10.1 Express formula required to transform from
Delta to Star
and Star to Delta
1.10.2 Illustrate circuits to show star and delta
connections.
1.10.3 Explain steps to solve problems involving StarDelta
transformation.
1.11 Apply the concept of DeltaStar transformation.
1.11.1 Construct circuits to show star and delta
connections.
1.11.2 Solve problems involving Star-Delta
transformation.
1.12 Understand electrical power and energy.
Delta-Star Transformation
Standard
3-phase
circuits
or
networks take on two major forms
with names that represent the way in
which the resistances are connected,
a Star connected network which has
the symbol of the letter, (wye) and
a Delta connected network which
has the symbol of a triangle,
(delta).
Delta-Star Transformation
a
Ra
R1
R3
Rc
Rb
b
R2
c
Ra =
Rb =
Rc =
Star-Delta Transformation
a
Ra
R1
R3
Rc
Rb
b
R2
c
R1 =
R2 =
R3 =
Delta-Star (Example)
Example 1.15
Calculate the total resistance, Rxy of the circuit
below.
4
x
12
y
6
8
10
Rxy
4
x
12
Rc
Ra
6
Rb
Convert
10
---
Ra = = 1.78
Rc = = 1.33
Rb = = 2.67
Rd
12
1.33
1.78
2.67
Re
Rd = 1.33 + 12= 13.33

Re = 2.67 + 10= 12.67
10
13.33
Rd
12
1.33
1.78
2.67
Re
10
12.67
Rd = 1.33 + 12= 13.33

Re = 2.67 + 10= 12.67
Rf
13.33
1.78
12.67
Rf = = 6.5
13.33
1.78
6.5
12.67
Rf = = 6.5Rxy = 1.78 + 6.5 = 8.28
Electrical Power & Energy

ELECTRICAL POWER is defined as
the rate at which electrical energy is
transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is Watt.
Equation:
Power, P = VI
Equ. 1
V voltage measured in Volts (V)
I current measured in Ampere (A)

From Ohms Law;
I = V/R and V = I*R
Hence Power,
P=
P = I2R
Equ.2
Equ.3

ENERGY can be defined as capacity to do
work
The unit of energy is Joule
Equation :
Energy/Work Done, W = Pt
P power measured in Watt (W)
t time measured in seconds (s)

Example 1.16
By referring to the circuit below, calculate:
i) Power thats supplied by the battery
ii) Power thats absorbed by 25 resistor
iii) Energy supplied by the battery after 30s
iv) Energy absorbed by the 15 resistor after 2 hours
15
20V
25

RT
15
i)
IT
Power thats supplied by the battery, Ps
RT = 15 + 25 = 40
20V
25
IT = = = 0.5A
Use Equ. 1:
Power, Ps = V*I = 20 x 0.5 = 10W

15
ii) Power thats absorbed by 25 resistor PL
0.5A
20V
25
Use Equ. 3:
Power, PL = I2*R = 0.52 x 25 = 6.25W

15
iii) Energy supplied by the battery after 30s
0.5A
20V
25
Energy, W = P*t = 10 x 30 = 300 J

15
iv) Energy absorbed by the 15 resistor after 2

hours
0.5A
20V
25
Energy,
W = P*t = I2*R*t = 0.52 x 15 x 2 x 60 x 60 = 27 kJ
SELF-EXERCISE
i)
Diagrams below show a delta connection circuit

with its equivalent star connection circuit. If
R1=20k, R2=40k and R3 =80k, calculate
Ra, Rb and Rc
ANSWE
11.43k
R
ANSWE
5.71k
R
ANSWE
22.86k
R
SELF-EXERCISE
ii) With refer to the diagram as below, calculate
power that supplied by the battery and power
dissipation at resistor 40k.
Ps
= 4.8mW
ANSWER
=ANSWER
1.6mW
RECAP
Cell and battery are sources of DC
type of electricity.
Voltage, current and resistance are
recognized as three basic elements of
electrical circuit which contribute in
Ohms Law.
Electrical circuit can be constructed in
series, parallel and combination of
series-parallel connection.
Star-Delta transformation technique is
required to analyze network that
involve Star/Delta connection.
Power and Energy is the product of
voltage and current elements of a
REFERENCES
Main:
John Bird (2010). Electrical Circuit Theory &
Technology. Fourth Edition. Newness. (ISBN:
978-0-08-089056-2)
Additional:
1. Allan R. Hambley (2011). Electrical Engineering,
Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition.
Prentice Hall. (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-213006-6)
2. B.L. Theraja (2010).Textbook of Electrical
Technology .S Chand & Co Ltd. (ISBN: 9788121924900)
REFERENCES
3. Darren Ashby (2011). Electrical Engineering
101, (3rd Ed ) [Paperback] Elsevier Inc. (ISBN:
978-0123860019)
4. John Bird. (2010). Electrical And Electronic
Principles And Technology. Fourth Edition.
Newness. (ISBN: 978-1-85617-770-2)
5. Meizhong Wang. (2010). Understandable
Electric Circuits First edition 2005 Higher
Education Press, China, English translation
2010 The Institution of Engineering and
Technology. (ISBN 978-0-86341-952-2)
6. V. K. Mehta (2010). Principles of Electrical
Engineering and Electrical [Paperback] S Chand
& Co Ltd. (ISBN: 978-8121927291)

Electrical Technology Topic 1 Sem 1 Politeknik

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Electrical Technology Topic 1 Sem 1 Politeknik

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DET1013 - ELECTRICAL

TOPIC TITLE (RTA)

1.1 Know standard symbols for electrical components.

Standard Symbol for Electrical

Cell (dc supply)

Battery (dc supply)

Relationship of Cells &

Series Connection Cells

Series Connection Cells

Parallel Connection Cells

Parallel Connection Cells

Total e.m.f., ET = E1 = E2 = E3 = 2.0V

Total e.m.f. for series cells, ESeries = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4

Series Connection with same

Series Connection with opposite

Main Effect of Electric

Resistance & resistivity

Resistance & resistivity

Resistivity is difference for different

Resistance & resistivity

A device that is manufactured to

In what time would a current of 1 A transfer a

ii) What would be the resistivity of 2m length

through a conductor between two points

Ohms Law Triangle

- Generates from voltage

From Ohms Law:

Voltage = Current x Resistance

Current will only produce when the

A battery possess e.m.f. that produces

A battery possess e.m.f. that produces

Current will only produce when the

A battery possess e.m.f. that produces

Current will only produce when the

Simple Circuit (Example)

Simple Circuit (Example)

ii) Voltage drop, = IR = 1.5 x 10 = 15V

1.8 Understand series, parallel and series-parallel

Equivalent resistance in series

Applicable for any means of resistors with same

Voltage Divider Rule

Series Circuit (Example)

Series Circuit (Example)

iii) VR2 = IR2 = 0.833 x 6 = 5V

Applicable to any means of resistors.

Equivalent resistance in parallel

Applicable for 2 resistors connection only.

Equivalent resistance in parallel

Applicable for any means of resistors with same

Current Divider Rule (CDR)

Applicable to any means of resistors.

Current Divider Rule (2 Resistors

Applicable for 2 resistors connection only.

Parallel Circuit (Example)

Parallel Circuit (Example)

iii) VR3 = E = 20V

For this diagram:

Total Resistance of Series-Parallel

RT is the equivalent resistance of Ra, R1 and R2

Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit

Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit

Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit

Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit

Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit