Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours:

4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL

Instructor: Lichuan Gui

lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell)
http://lcgui.net

Lecture 3. Similarity and flow motion patterns

milarity and non-dimensionalization

Different ways to perform measurement:
1. Actual system under actual operation condition - expensive and impossible in most cases
2. Actual system under modified condition

- expensive and impossible in many cases

3. Model system under controlled condition - low cost and possible
Similarity - enable application of measured properties with model system and
modified condition to actual system under actual condition.
Requirements of similarity
1. Geometrically similar - same shape, the same ratios of all corresponding dimensions
2. Kinematically similar - same velocity directions and constant ratio of magnitudes
3. Dynamically similar

- same force directions and constant ratio of magnitudes

Non-dimensionalization - convert measured properties into dimensionless numbers

1. Convenience in presentation
2. Independent of unit system
3. Used as guide for selection of optimal geometrical and operating conditions
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milarity and non-dimensionalization

Navier Stokes equations - viscous incompressible flows

- Characteristic properties

L length scale
V0 velocity scalep0 reference pressure
g gravitational acceleration magnitud

- Dimensionless variables

- Non-dimensinlized Navier-Stokes equations

ommon dimensionless parameters

Reynolds number - ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces

V characteristic velocity kinematic viscosity

dynamic viscosity
( = )

L characteristic length

Mach number - used to describe effects of compressibility

V flow velocity

c speed of sound

Euler number (pressure coefficient) - ratio of pressure and inertia forces

p pressure pref reference pressure

density

V flow velocity

Drag coefficient - ratio of drag force and inertia forces

FD drag forceA frontal area

density

V flow velocity

Lift coefficient - ratio of lift force and inertia forces

FL lift force A frontal area

density

V flow velocity

ommon dimensionless parameters

Prandtl number - ratio of rates of diffusion of momentum and heat due to molecular motions

thermal diffusivity
kinematic viscosity dynamic
viscosity
cp specific heat under contant pressure k thermal
conductivity

Schmidt number - ratio of rates of diffusion of momentum and mass in fluid

c molecular diffusivity of a fluid mixture of species in a

fluid mixture

Froude number - square represents ratio of inertia to gravitational forces (free surface flows)

V flow velocityL characteristic length

g gravitational acceleration magnitude

Weber number

- ratio of inertia to surface-tension forces

surface tension density
L characteristic length
V flow velocity

Capillary number - ratio of viscos forces to surface-tension forces

dynamic
V flow velocity
viscosity
surface tension
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ommon dimensionless parameters

Cavitation number

Pv vapour pressure

Nusselt number

Biot number

- ratio of total and conductive heat transfer rates in a fluid

h overall heat transfer
coefficient

k thermal conductivity of
fluid

- ratio of heat transfer rates to surrounding fluid and solid interior

Peclet number

h overall heat transfer

coefficient

k thermal conductivity of
solid

- ratio of heat convection and heat conduction

L characteristic length
V flow velocity
thermal diffusivity

Grashof number

- ratio of buoyancy forces and viscous forces

thermal expansion
Tcoefficient
temperature difference
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ommon dimensionless parameters

Rayleigh number - for free thermal convection

Marangoni number - for convection induced by surface-tension gradients

- for concentration gradients

- for temperature gradients

Richardson number

- for density-stratified flows

- ratio of potential energy associate with gravity and kinetic energy.

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ommon dimensionless parameters

Taylor number

- for rotation flows

Rossby number

rotation
rate

- for rotation flows

- ratio of inertia and Coriolis forces

Strouhal number - for periodic vortex shedding from bluff objects

f frequency of vortex shedding

Knudsen number - for gas

mean free path

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atterns of fluid motion

Pathlines

- trajectories of individual fluid particles

- may be visualized with multiple exposed particle
images

Stroboscopic illumination of oil drop in laminar pipe flow

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atterns of fluid motion

Timelines - each formed by a set of fluid particles at a previous instant in time,
and displaced in time as the particles move
- may be visualized with Hydrogen-bubble technique

Consecutive rows of hydrogen bubbles indicating

Velocity profiles a flat plat boundary layer
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atterns of fluid motion

Streaklines - each formed by locus of all fluid particles passing through a fixed position
- may be visualized with dye lines in water flow

Vortex flow behind a yawed cylinder visualized

with mixture of ink, milk and alcohol
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atterns of fluid motion

Streamlines

- instantaneous curves tangent to the velocity vector of flow, i.e.

- may be visualized with smoke lines in stead air flow
- may be visualized with tuft screen method

Smoke lines around an airfoil model

in a wind-tunnel

Trailing vortices behind an inclined

delta-wing visualized by a tuft screen
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atterns of fluid motion

In steady flows, pathlines, streaklines and streamlines coincide.
In unsteady flows, they may be vastly different.

Red Pathline
Blue Streakline
Dash Sreamline

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Homework
- Read textbook 1.6-1.7 on page 11-17

- Questions and Problems: one of 10, 14 on page 17 and 18

- Due on Wednesday, 08/29

- Send MS Word or PDF file to lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
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