IP address

Today, the Internet has entered the

public consciousness as the world's
largest public data network, doubling
in size every nine months .
Over the past few years, the Internet
has experienced two major scaling
issues as it has struggled to provide
continuous and
uninterrupted
growth:

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IP address
The eventual exhaustion of the
IPv4 address space .

The ability to route traffic

between the ever increasing
number
of
networks
that
comprise the Internet .

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IP ADDRESS

The current version of IP, IP version

4 (IPv4), defines a 32-bit address
which means that there are only
232(4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses
available. This might seem like a
large number of addresses, but as
new markets open and a significant
portion of the world's population
becomes
candidates
for
IP
addresses, the finite number of IP
addresses will eventually be
exhausted.
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The second problem is caused by

the rapid growth in the size of
the Internet routing tables.
Internet backbone routers are
required to maintain complete
routing information for the
Internet.

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Growth of Global Addresses

Growth of Global Routing Table

(as of 3 May 2001)

Unaggregated Internet would exceed 200,000

routes!
Projected routing table
growth without CIDR

But they cannot be

relied on forever

Moores Law and CIDR

made it work for a while
Deployment
Period of CIDR
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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http://www.telstra.net/ops/bgptable.html
www.cisco.com

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Over recent years, routing tables

have experienced exponential
growth as increasing numbers of
organizations connect to the
Internet - in December 1990 there
were 2,190 routes, in December
1992 there were 8,500 routes, and
in December 1995 there were
30,000+ routes.

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IP address

The long term solution to these

problems can be found in the
widespread deployment of IP
Next Generation (IPng or IPv6)
towards the turn of the century.

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However,
while
the
Internet
community waits for IPng, IPv4 will
need to be patched and modified so
that the
Internet can continue to
provide the universal Connectivity we
have come to expect.

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When IP was first standardized in

September 1981, the specification
required
that
each
system
attached to an IP-based internet
be assigned a unique, 32-bit
Internet address Value.

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IP address

Some systems, such as routers which

have interfaces to more than one
network, must be assigned a unique
IP address for each network interface.

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IP address
An IP (Internet Protocol) address
is a unique identifier for a node or
host connection on an IP network.
An IP address is a 32 bit binary
number usually represented as 4
decimal values, each representing
8 bits, in the range 0 to 255
(known as octets) separated by
decimal points. This is known as
"dotted decimal" notation.

IP address
Example: 140.179.220.200
It is sometimes useful to view the
values in their binary form.
140 .179 .220 .200
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000

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IP address
Every IP address consists of two
parts, one identifying the network and
one identifying the node. The Class of
the address and the subnet mask
determine which part belongs to the
network address and which part
belongs to the node address.

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In order to provide the flexibility

required to support different size
networks, the designers decided
that the IP address space should
be divided into three different
address classes - Class A,
Class B, and Class C. This is often
referred to as "classful"

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IP ADDRESS
There are 5 different address
classes. You can determine which
class any IP address is in by
examining the first 4 bits of the IP
address.
Class A addresses begin with 0xxx,
or 1 to 126 decimal.
Class B addresses begin with 10xx,
or 128 to 191 decimal.

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IP address
Class C addresses begin with 110x, or
192 to 223 decimal.
Class D addresses begin with 1110, or
224 to 239 decimal.
Class E addresses begin with 1111, or
240 to 254 decimal

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Addresses beginning with 01111111,

or 127 decimal, are reserved for
loopback and for internal testing on a
local machine.Class D addresses are
reserved for multicasting. Class E
addresses are reserved for future
use. They should not be used for host
addresses.

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IP address

Now we can see how the Class determines,

by default, which part of the IP address
belongs to the network (N) and which part
belongs to the node (n).
Class A -NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
Class B -NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnn
n
Class C -NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnn
nnn
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Each Class A network address has

an 8-bit network-prefix with the
highest order bit set to 0 and a
seven-bit
network
number,
followed by a 24-bit host-number.
Today, it is no longer considered
'modern'
to refer to a Class A
network. Class A networks are
now
referred
to
as
"/8s"
(pronounced "slash eight" or just
"eights") since they have an 8-bit
network-prefix.
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A maximum of 126 (27 -2) /8

networks can be defined. The
calculation requires that the 2 is
subtracted because the /8 network
0.0.0.0 is reserved for use as the
default route and the /8 network
127.0.0.0
(also written 127/8 or
127.0.0.0/8) has been reserved for
the "loopback" function. Each /8
supports a maximum of 16,777,214
(224-2) hosts per network.
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IP ADDRESS
The host calculation requires that 2
is subtracted because the all-0s
("this network") and all-1s
("broadcast") host-numbers may not
be assigned to individual hosts.
Since the /8 address block contains
231(2,147,483,648)individual
addresses and the IPv4 address
space contains a maximum of 232
=4,294,967,296) addresses, the /8
address space is 50% of the total
IPv4 unicast address space.

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Each Class B network address has

a 16-bit network-prefix with the
two highest order bits set to 1-0
and a 14-bit network number,
followed by a 16-bit host-number.
Class B networks are now referred
to as"/16s" since they have a 16bit network-prefix.

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A maximum of 16,384 (214 ) /16

networks can be defined with up to
65,534 (216 -2) hosts per network.
Since the entire /16 address block
contains230(1,073,741,824)
addresses, it represents 25% of
the total IPv4 unicast address
space

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IP address

Each Class C network address has a

24-bit network-prefix with the
three highest order bits set to 1-10 and a 21-bit network number,
followed by an 8-bit host-number.
Class C networks are now referred
to as "/24s" since they have a 24bit network-prefix.

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IP address

A maximum of 2,097,152 (221 ) /24

networks can be defined with up to
254 (28 -2) hosts per network. Since
the entire /24 address block
contains 229 (536,870,912) addresses,
it represents 12.5% (or 1/8th) of
the total IPv4 unicast address space.

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IP address

In the example, 140.179.220.200 is

a Class B address so by default the
Network part of the address (also
known as the Network Address) is
defined by the first two octets
(140.179.x.x) and the node part is
defined by the last 2 octets
(x.x.220.200).

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IP address

In order to specify the network address

for a given IP address, the node section is
set to all "0"s. In our example,
140.179.0.0 specifies the network
address for 140.179.220.200. When the
node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies
a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the
network. 140.179.255.255 specifies the
example broadcast address. Note that
this is true regardless of the length of the
node section.

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IP address
There are three IP network addresses
reserved for private networks.
The addresses are 10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.
They can be used by anyone setting up
internal IP networks, such as a lab or
home LAN behind a NAT or proxy server
or a router. It is always safe to use
these because routers on the Internet
will never forward packets coming from
these addresses. These addresses are
defined in RFC 1918.

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IP address

Some basic ground rules for IP addresses:

The first decimal set in the network address
cannot be 255 ( all 1's ). This becomes
broadcast.
The first decimal in a network address cannot be
0 (all zeroes). This is becomes the local host and
cannot be routed.
The network address with the first decimal 127
has special meaning and cannot be used. This is
called the loopback. It is reserved for internal
functions.
Network address must be unique to the Internet
A host Address must be Unique within a network
All bits 1 cannot be used for a host address. This
is interpreted as a broadcast rather than a host
address.
All bits 0 cannot be used for a host address. This
means this network only.

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RFC1918 - Private IP Address

Ranges
Used for networks/hosts not on Internet
Class A:

1; 10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255

Class B: 16; 172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255

Class C: 256; 192.168.0.0 ~
192.168.255.255

Planning:
Determine which hosts are internal ONLY
Routers configured with filters
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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www.cisco.com

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IP address

There are three IP network addresses

reserved for private networks. The
addresses
are
10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.
They are called Non routable IP
addresses, they can be used by
anyone
setting
up
internal
IP
networks, such as a lab or home LAN
behind a NAT or proxy server or a
router. It is always safe to use these
because routers on the Internet will
never forward packets coming from
these
addresses
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IP Addressing
32 bits

Dotted
Decimal

Network

255

Maximum
1

Host

255
8 9

255
16 17

255
24 25

32

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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www.cisco.com

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

Binary

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Host Addresses
172.16.2.1
172.16.3.10

10.1.1.1

10.6.24.2
E1

E0
172.16.2.1

10.250.8.11

172.16.12.12

172.16

Network
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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12 . 12
Host

10.180.30.118

Routing Table
Network
Interface
172.16.0.0

E0

10.0.0.0

E1

www.cisco.com

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SubNets and Subnetting

Class of Network A B C
Net mask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
The word mask derives from the fact that
when applying this number to an IP
address it masks out all bits for which the
netmask is 1 as a network address leaving
the rest as host addresses. This is quite
important to understand when starting to
look at subnetting. Since 255 has 8 bits all
1s then the above states that for a class A
network the first 8 bits represents the
network address (in reality 7 since the first
bit in a Class A always have to be a Zero).
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SubNets and Subnetting

Similar for a class B the first 16 bits

(really 14 because the first two is fixed
at 10) are masked as Network
addresses because with a netmask of
255.255.0.0 the first 16 bits are 1s.
Similarly for a class C network the first
24 bits (really 21 because the first
three bits must be 110) are masked as
network address because the netmask
is 255.255.255.0 which means the first
24 bit in the netmask is 1.
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SubNets and Subnetting

Subnetting an IP Network can be

done for a variety of reasons,
including organization, use of
different physical media (such as
Ethernet, FDDI, WAN, etc.),
preservation of address space, and
security. The most common reason is
to control network traffic.

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Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200
172.16.2.2

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.1
E1

E0
172.16.2.1

172.16.3.100

172.16.2.160

172.16

Network
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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172.16.3.150

2 . 160

New Routing Table

Network
Interface

Host

172.16.0.0

E0

172.16.0.0

E1

www.cisco.com

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SubNets and Subnetting

We use an example of a Class C

network and look at how we may
subnet it and what happens. The
Network will be 192.168.255.0. The
netmask for this network is
255.255.255.0. We have 8 host bits
which gives 254 potential host
addresses. Note: the host addresses
with all 1s or all 0s are not used.
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SubNets and Subnetting

The subnetwork capability of TCP/IP

also makes it possible to divide a single
network into multiple logical networks
(subnets). For example, an organization
can have a single Internet network
address that is known to users outside
the organization, yet configure its
network internally into departmental
subnets. In either case, fewer Internet
network addresses are required while
local routing capabilities are enhanced.
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Variable Length Subnet

Masks
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM),
defined in 1987 as RFP 1009. A single
network ID could have different subnet
masks among its subnets.
The major benefit of VLSM is that subnets
can be defined to different sizes as needed
under a single Network ID, thereby
minimizing, if not eliminating, wasted
addresses.
Second, variable length subnet masks can be
used to permit route aggregation which
minimizes the number of distinct routes
that need to be advertised and processed
www.cisco.com
by network backbone
or Internet routers.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Working with Variable Length

Subnet Masks-Subnet Design
Subnet design with VLSM is similar to subnet
design with fixed length masks except
that decisions made regarding subnets
are made independently at each level in
the VLSM scenario. At each level two
questions must be answered:
1. How many subnets are required at this level
both now and in the future?
2. What is the largest number of hosts required
per subnet on this level both now and in the
future?

The answers to these questions will

determine how many subnets with how
www.cisco.comneeds to be defined
much host ID capacity
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at each level.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Recursive Division of a Network Prefix

with VLSM

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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www.cisco.com

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People realized that addresses could

be conserved if the class system was
eliminated. This was first proposed in
1992 as a scheme called
Supernetting. Under supernetting,
the classful subnet masks are
extended so that a network address
and subnet mask could, for example,
specify multiple Class C subnets with
one address.
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For example, If I needed about 1000 addresses, I

could supernet 4 Class C networks together:
192.60.128.0
(11000000.00111100.10000000.0000000
0)
Class C subnet address
192.60.129.0
(11000000.00111100.10000001.0000000
0)
Class C subnet address
192.60.130.0
(11000000.00111100.10000010.0000000
0)
Class C subnet address
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192.60.131.0

192.60.128.0
(11000000.00111100.10000000.00
000000)
Supernetted Subnet address
255.255.252.0
(11111111.11111111.11111100.00
000000) Subnet Mask
192.60.131.255
(11000000.00111100.10000011.11
111111) Broadcast address

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Thank You

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