Chapter 1 (cont)

Heat Transfer
Nur Aklis
Mechanical Engineering
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Definition
When two bodies are at different temperatures,
thermal energy transfers from the one with
higher temperature to the one with lower
temperature . Heat always transfers from hot to
cold
Heat transfer is a study of the exchange of
thermal energy through a body or between
bodies which occurs when there is a
temperature difference

Mechanisms of heat transfer

There are three mechanisms of heat
transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Conduction
Conduction is at transfer through solids or
stationery fluids.
One of example of conduction is when you touch
a hot object the heat you feel is transferred
through your skin by conduction.
Mechanism of heat conduction
In solids : lattice vibration and particle collision
In fluids : molecular collisions

Figure Conduction by lattice vibration

Figure Conduction by particle collision

 Lattice vibration In solids, atoms are bound analogous

to springs as shown in Figure, When there is a
temperature difference in the solid, the hot side of the
solid experiences more vigorous atomic movements.
The vibrations are transmitted through the springs to the
cooler side of the solid.
Particle collision metals have free electrons, which are
not bound to any particular atom and can freely move
about the solid. The electrons in the hot side of the solid
move faster than those on the cooler side. This scenario
is shown in Figure. As the electrons undergo a series of
collisions, the faster electrons give off some of their
energy to the slower electrons.
Conduction through electron collision is more effective
than through lattice vibration; this is why metals
generally are better heat conductors than ceramic
materials, which do not have many free electrons.
Mechanism of heat conduction in liquid like paticle
collision.

Rate of Heat Conduction

The rate of heat conduction is depend on
Geometry of medium
Thickness
Material of medium
Temperature difference
The rate of conduction (q) through a plane layer is
proportional to the temperature difference across the
layer and the heat transfer area but is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the layer.
Fourier proposed the law of materials as;

q=-kT

dT
q kA
dx

T1
T2

Where

q = rate of heat conduction (watt)

dT/dx = gradient of temperature
k=thermal conductivity of material
(watt/moC)
A=area (m2)

The negative sign represents that heat flow

In the direction opposite to the gradient temperature

dx
0

Convection
Convection uses the motion of fluids to
transfer heat
It is occur between a solid surface and
adjacent fluid.
Heat is first transferred from hot block to
the adjacent layer of air by conduction and
then carried away from the surface
convection.

Temperature

Velocity of air

T
Air flow

qcond

Hot block

Ts

There are two kinds of convection

Natural convection is caused by buoyancy
forces that are induced by density differences
due the variation of temperature in fluid
Force convection is when the fluid flow over the
surface by external such as fan, pump or wind.

 Convection head transfer depends on

Dynamic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Density
Specific heat
Fluid velocity
Geometry
Roughness
Type of fluid flow

Qcon hA(Ts T)

Radiation
All object emit electromagnetic radiation, and this
radiation carries energy. Radiation heat transfer occurs
when the emitted radiation strikes another body and is
absorbed.
The power radiated from surface A at temperature T is
given by the stefan-Boltzmann law,

P AT

emissivity
5.57 x10 8W / m 2 K
T Temperatur eK
P power / watt

 If object is at temperature T and its

surroundings are at temperature To the
net rate of energy loss is

P A(T To )
4

Example
A windows is 1.2 m high and 0.6 m wide. The
glass is 4 mm thick and has thermal conductivity
0.78 W/moC. The temperature of the inner face is
12 oC and that of the outer surface is -12 oC.
What is the rate of flow through the window.
Two slab, of thickness L1 and L2 and area A are
in thermal contact with their surface
temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. What is the
temperature at the interface between two slab.
What is the rate of heat flow