Beruflich Dokumente
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Point defects
0D
Line defects
1D
Surface Imperfections
2D
Volume Defects
3D
Part of
MATERIALS SCIENCE
& AALearners
LearnersGuide
Guide
ENGINEERING
AN INTRODUCTORY E-BOOK
PROPERTIES
Structure sensitive
E.g. Yield stress, Fracture toughness
Structure Insensitive
E.g. Density, elastic modulus
Properties are classified into Structure Sensitive and Structure Insensitive properties
The key word to note is sensitive and not dependent
E.g. density would be dependent on the concentration of vacancies. But, usually the
concentration of vacancies is small and density would not be sensitive to the presence of
vacancies.
Another example would be: Elastic modulus would not be a sensitive function of the
dislocation density
On the other hand a structure sensitive property like yield stress would be strongly
dependent on the presence (or absence of dislocations). The yield stress in the absence of
dislocations would be typically of the order of GPa and in the presence of dislocations it
would become of the order of MPa (reduction by a few orders of magnitude)!
In the usual sense the word STRUCTURE means MICROSTRUCTURE
(and not crystal structure etc.)
In case of structure sensitive properties the Defect Structure in the material plays an
important role in determining the properties
In an elementary text it may not be practical to consider all the possibilities in detail. But, the
student should keep in mind the possibilities and some of their implications on the properties
or phenomena.
1D
(Line defects)
2D
(Surface / Interface)
3D
(Volume defects)
Vacancy
Dislocation
Surface
Twins
Impurity
Disclination
Interphase boundary
Precipitate
Frenkel defect
Dispiration
Grain boundary
Faulted region
Twin boundary
Voids/Cracks
Stacking faults
Thermal vibration
Schottky defect
Anti-phase boundaries
Atomic Level
Rotation
Screw
Dislocation
Disclination
Dispiration
Multi-atom
Rotation
Twins
Inversion
Hence association
with symmetry
Based on
Symmetry
breaking
DEFECTS
Topological
Non-topological
DEFECTS
Based on
origin
Statistical
Structural
Vacancies, dislocations, interface ledges
DEFECTS
Based on
position
Random
Ordered
PHYSICAL
Disclination
Vacancy
Descriptors
Often we are not interested in a single defect but, the density of defects. As we have noted before,
the dimensionality of these defects vary. The density of these defects will also determine (in a
simplistic viewpoint) the average spacing between the defects.
Density of point defects is measured in number (N) per unit volume of the material (V).
Density of dislocation lines is the total length of dislocation lines (L) per unit volume of the
material.
Density of interfaces (like grain boundaries) is total area of the interface (A) per unit volume
of
the material.
Density of 3D objects (like precipitates) is measured as a volume fraction: total volume of
objects (VP) per unit volume of the material.
Important note: it is a good idea to keep the units as prescribed without canceling the common
factors (e.g. the dislocation density should be prescribed in [m/m3] (and not a /m2) as this
preserves the physical meaning).
Dimension
Density
Examples
0 = v = N/V
[/m3]
Sv ~ (v)3 [m]
Vacancy, interstitials
0 = d = L/V
[m/m3]
Sd ~ (d)2 [m]
Dislocation, disclination
2 = b = A/V
[m2/m3]
Sb ~ (b)1 [m]
3 = p = Vp/V
[m3/m3]
S ~ (f)1/3 [m]
Intrinsic
Local
Extrinsic
Dislocation
Edge
Disclination
Screw
Disclination
Edge
Global
Extrinsic
Edge
Edge
Disclination
Screw