Beruflich Dokumente
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Presented by:-
Kuldeep singh 009
Amit Khanna 008
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esearch design
provides a systematic plan of
procedure for the researcher
to follow´.± John W. Best.
- a conceptual Structure
- a blueprint
- an outline of what the researcher will do
esearch design is a set of advance decisions that make up
the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed information.
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ã What the study is about ?
ã Why the study is undertaken ?
ã What are the types of data required ?
ã Where data can be found ?
ã What techniques of gathering data will be adopted ?
ã Where data can be found ?
ã n which areas, the study will be undertaken ?
ã When or what periods of time , the study will conclude ?
ã ow much resources (men ,money , and materials ) will be
required ?
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ß. A clear statement of the research problem.
2. The purpose or objective of the research
3. The time period of research study
4. The sources of collecting data.
5. The procedures and techniques of collecting data.
6. The universe of research design.
7. The sample size of respondents , if any.
8. The area where research to be conducted.
9. The methods or techniques of data processing.
ß0. The resources required to conduct the research.
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V Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search)
V Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data)
V Costs least in terms of effort, time & money
V Maximizes reliability of results
V Provides firm foundation to the endeavor
V Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless exercise
V elps organising ones ideas
V Gives chance to foresee flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems)
V ncorporates by learning from others critical comments & evaluations
V Like a successful journey,
± Broadens your mind
± Gives fascinating & exciting experience
± Gives insight into world around you
± Provides opportunity to meet people
± Gives fun and reward, but at times, very tedious
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± t is advisable
to find out the cost ±benefit ratio before proceeding
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± ts depends upon
the selection of data sampling, measurement
technique, data collection, purpose of research
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ã 4$% ' j#j':- This point suggests that the design should
be universally acceptable and understood by persons. t should be simple,
clear and easily understood by laymen.
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As the name indicates ,casual design investigates the cause
and effect relationship between two or more variables.
¦ Data collected:
¦ Survey
¦ Lab experiments
SLCT G A STUDY
DS G
The various designs have been classified by examining
them from different perspectives :
Disadvantages:-
They cannot measure change.
Before And After Study Design
ã Most appropriate design for measuring the
impact or effectiveness of a program.
ã Described as two sets of cross-sectional
data collection points on the same
population to find out change in
phenomenon or variables.
ã Change is measured by comparing the
differences in phenomenon or variables.
ã Most commonly used for evaluation studies.
or example:-
ã ffect of advertisement on sales of product.
ã ffect of random breath testing on road
accidents.
ã mpact of incentives on productivity of
employees in an organisation.
ã mpact of increased funding on quality of
teaching in universities.
Advantages:-
ã Measuring the impact or effectiveness of a
program.
Disadvantages:-
ã Two sets of data being collected, so its quite
expensive, difficult to implement, takes longer time to
complete.
ã Time lapse between two contacts may results in
attrition in study population.
ã Maturation effect (studying young children).
ã eactive ffect (awareness).
ã The expression of an attitude in response to a
questionnaire or interview has cause them to
think about and alter their attitude at the time
of post-test. This type of effect is known as
egression ffect (shift in attitude).
Longitudinal Study Design
ã Mainly used to determine pattern of change in
relation to time.
ã Useful for collecting factual information on a
continuing basis.
ã Ascertains trends in demand for labor, immigration,
changes in the incidence of disease or in the
mortality, morbidity, and fertility pattern of a
population.
ã Basically the population is visited a number of times
at regular intervals to collect information.
ã Time period can be as short as a week or as
long as a year.
ã t can be seen as a series of repetitive cross-
sectional studies.
Advantages:-
ã t allows the researcher to measure the pattern
of change and obtain factual information,
requiring collection on a regular or continuing
basis, hence increase its accuracy.
Disadvantages :-
ã Same as before and after study.
ã Conditioning effect.
Study Designs Based on eference
Period
ã Time frame for exploring phenomenon,
situation, event or problem.
ã Categorization of studies :-
ã etrospective;
ã Prospective;
ã etrospective- Prospective.
etrospective study Design
ã nvestigates a phenomenon, situation, problem
or issue happened in past.
ã Conducted on basis of past data available or
respondent recall of situation.
ã or example :-
ã A historical analysis of migratory movements
in astern urope between ß9ß5 & ß945.
ã elation between levels of unemployment and
street crime.
ã Utilization of land before world war 2 in
australia.