INFEKSI SALURAN

PERNAFASAN AKUT (ISPA)

SISTEM RESPIRASI

ANATOMI TENGGOROKAN
(THROAT ANATOMY)

PARU-PARU

Types of Respiratory Infections

Influenzae (Flu)
Pharyngitis
Otitis Externa
Otitis Media
Sinusitis
Laryngitis

Bronchitis
Bronchiliolitis
Pneumonia (infection
in alveoli)

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup disease)

Gejala & Tanda

Demam
Sakit kepala
Nyeri tenggorokan
Hidung buntu, pilek
Batuk
Nafas cepat & dalam

Suhu tubuh
meningkat
Retraksi intercostal
Gambaran paru
abnormal
Pemeriksaan darah
abnormal

Agent
Biologi
Virus : virus Influenza,
viris Parainfluenza,
Respiratory Synsitial
Virus (RSV), virus Corona
Cytomegalo virus (CMV).
Bakteri: Streptococcus
pneumoniae,
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus aureus.
Jamur
Parasit

(dbriles@uab.edu)

Pulmonary Infections
Diagnosis

Areas of
involvement

Chest X-ray

Bronchitis

Airways only

Lungs are clear

Pneumonia

Includes alveoli

Consolidation in
lung(s)

S.9 9.1 0.1 4-6

(dbriles@uab.edu)

Pathogens Causing
Community Acquired Pneumonia
Extracellular

Intracellular

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Viruses

Haemophilus influenzae

Legionella pneumophilia

Staphylococcus aureus

Toxoplasma gondii**

Klebsiella pneumonia

Yersinia pestis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Histoplasma capsulatum*

Pneumocystis carinii*
* Fungal
**Protozoal

S.99.10.14

(dbriles@uab.edu)

Pneumococcal Disease
S. pneumoniae

Carriage
Infection

(nasopharyngeal colonization)

Carriage

Aspiration

Pneumonia
(dbriles@uab.edu)
S.02.04.09

Carriage

Mucus through
Eustachian tube

Invasion

Otitis

Bacteremia

media

Meningitis
Sepsis

Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Infection

(S. pneumoniae)

1. Infants and Young Children

2. Elderly (>75 years)
3. Immunodeficient
a. Asplenia and Sickle Cell Disease
b. AIDS
c. Cancer
d. Inherited Immunodeficiency (agammaglobulinemia)
e. Transplant Patients (induced immunodeficiency)
4. Other Risk Factors
a. Smoking cigarettes
b. Alcohol
c. Crowded Living Spaces
e. Smoke from Cooking and Heating
f. Malnutrition (including vitamin A and Zinc deficiency)
g. Viral Infection (colds, flu, RSV, measles, etc.)
h. Surgery
(dbriles@uab.edu)

Risk Factors for Nosocomial Pneumonia

(20 - 50% of infection related hospital deaths)
Immunodeficiency
Advanced age
Sever underlying disease
Intubation
Respiratory equipment
Nasogastric tubes
Surgery
Previous use of Antibiotics
(dbriles@uab.edu)

Common Etiologies of Nosocomial

Pneumonia
(20 - 50% of infection-related deaths in hospitals)

% of cases
60

17

Etiologic Agent
Gram-negative rods
Klebisella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Serratia marcescens
Enterobacter
Pseudomonas

Enterobacteriacae

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Anaerobic bacteria

5-10

Viral (RSV, influenzae, parainfluenzae, etc.)

S.99.1 0.1 4-12

(dbriles@uab.edu)

PNEUMONIA

Lobar Pneumonia
(dbriles@uab.edu)