7.

3 Stress
David Che
Geneva College

How to describe the

strength of a
particular type of
material?

Class demo
Push and pull on the arm

Assumptions & definition

The material is continuous
No voids

The material is cohesive

No cracks, breaks, or separations

F
stress lim
A0 A

Normal stress

Intensity of force
Force per unit area
Acting normal to the

unit area
Pull tensile
Push
compressive

F
z
lim
A
A0

Shear
stress
Intensity of force, or
force per unit area,
acting tangent to area

zx

F
x
lim
A
A0

zy

Fy
lim
A
A0

Shear
stress

Subscript
notation

zx

F
x
lim
A
A0

F
z
lim
A
A0

zy

Fy
lim
A
A0

General state of
stress

Units for stress

SI units:
N/m^2, or pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m^2)
kPa, MPa, GPa, are used more often

N/mm^2=

1 MN/m^2= 1 Mpa

US Customary or Foot-Pound-Second (FPS)

system:
pounds per square inch (psi)
ksi - kilo-pounds (kip) per square inch

7.4 Average
Normal Stress in
an Axially Loaded
Bar

The section defines

the cross-sectional
area of the bar
Since all such cross
sections are the
same, the bar is
referred to as being
prismatic

Assumptio
ns
The bar remains straight both

before and after the load is

applied
The cross section remains flat
or plane during the deformation
The horizontal and vertical grid
lines inscribed on the bar will
deform uniformly when the bar
is subjected to the load
Here we will not consider
regions of the bar near its ends,
where application of the

Assumptions (continued)
Homogeneous material:
Same physical and mechanical properties
throughout its volume
Isotropic material:
Same physical and mechanical properties in all
directions
Many engineering materials fit this bill
Steel contains thousands of randomly oriented
crystals in each cubic millimeter of its volume
Cold-rolled steel and wood are both anisotropic

P dF dA A
P

A
average normal stress at any point on the cross - sectional area
P internal resultant normal force, which is applied through the
centroid of the cross - sectional area. P is determined using the
method of sections and the equations of equilibrium
A cross - sectional area of the bar

Equilibrium:

(A) ' (A) 0

'

Uniaxial stress: two normal stress

components on the element must
be equal in magnitude but opposit
In direction

aximum average normal stress

Example 7.5

Example 7.5

Solution:

Collapse of Kansas City Hyatt

Regency Walkway

Courtesy Dr. Lee Lowery, Jr., P.E.

Condoor

Engineering Statics

Page 29

The Collapse of the Kansas City

Hyatt Regency Walkway
The walkway that collapsed connected the

second and the fourth floors across a multistoried atrium.

A major design change was introduced

during construction.

On July 17, 1981, during a tea dance

contest, the two walkways collapsed, killing

more than one hundred people.

Condoor

Engineering Statics

Page 30

Collapse of Kansas City Hyatt

Regency Walkway
Original design

Condoor

Engineering Statics

Modified design

Page 31

Homework
Problems F7-7; 7-26; 7-37
Due: Friday, 10/31/2014