Beruflich Dokumente
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Lecturer:
Dr Prosper Mgaya
Many procedures have been developed over the years for the
hydraulic design of open channel sections. The complexity of these
procedures vary according to flow conditions as well as the level of
assumption implied while developing the given equation.
Free Surface
Hydraulic gradient is coincident with the free surface
Flow is exposed to atmospheric pressure
Flow driven by gravity or potential energy
(unlike pressure in pipes)
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Triangular
Parabolic
Area of cross-section (A) is the area of the liquid surface cut when
a cross-section is taken normal to the direction of flow.
Depth of flow, (y) is the vertical distance between the lowest point of
the channel section and the free surface.
B y0
In channels with large aspect ratio
, as
for example in rivers and very large
canals,
the flow can be considered to be
essentially
The fully developed velocity
two dimensional.
distributions
are
similar to the logarithmic form of
velocityum defect
u
1
y
2.3
law
ln
log y
u*
y0
k (0.41)
10
y0
B y0
Typical velocity
B y0
distributions in rectangular
channels with
= 1.0
Velocity
in Open
Normally inDistribution
open channel hydraulic
analysisChannel
the average
velocity
is used (Umean but it is normally denoted as u or v
Flow
contd
without subscript)
Umax
u
Typical velocity distribution
Umean
Flow
Steady
(i) Distance
(ii) Time
Uniform
Varied
Gradually
Rapidly
Uniform
Varied
Gradually
Rapidly
Unsteady flow
In an unsteady flow, the flow parameters such as velocity, depth and
v
other characteristics changewith
0 time.
t
Uniform
The flow is uniform flow , the flow parameters such as velocity, depth
v
and other characteristics areconstantw.r.t
distance.
0
x
Non-Uniform
The flow is non-uniform flow, the flow parameters such as velocity,
depth and other characteristics are not constantwrt
distance.
v
x
unlined,
P1 P2
and
M 1 M 2 and W AL and
F f 0 PL
S0
of length
and
= unit weight of water.
sin Replacing
by
(= bottom slope), Eq. (1) can be written as
ALS 0 0 PL
A
S 0 RS 0
P
V
Expressing the average shear stress
as
0
0
(2)
k where
kV RS 0
Leading to
V C RS 0
(3)
1 23 12
V R S0
n
(4)
1 16
C R
n
(5)
1 0.00155
23
n
S0
C
0.00155 n
1 23
S
0
Example 1
open channel of width = 3m as shown, bed slope =
1:5000, d=1.5m find the flow rate using Manning
equation, n=0.025.
1 2
V Rh 3 S
n
A 0 .5 3 9 1 .5 9 m 2
P 2 3 1.5 3 9.708
2
A
9
0.927
P 9.708
2
1
V
0.927 3 1
0.538 m/s
5000
0.025
Q VA 0.538 9 4.84 m 3 / s
Rh
1
2
3.0m
Example 2
open channel as shown, bed slope = 69:1584, find
the flow rate using Chezy equation, C=35.
V C Rh S
A
2.52 5.04
0.72 2.52
2.52 16.8
3.6 0.72 150 162.52 m 2
2
2
P 0.72 150
1.8
3.6 2 16.8
A 162.52
0.917
P 177.18
0.69
V 35 0.917
0.7 m/s
1584
Q VA 0.7 162.52 113 .84 m 3 / s
Rh
2.52
5.04 2 177.18 m
A A A
i 1
V1 V2 ... Vi ...VN V
By the Mannnings formula
12
0
Vi ni
VN n N
V1n1 V2 n2
2 3 2 3 ... 2 3 ... 2 3
R1
R2
Ri
RN
where
= equivalent roughness
Ai
23
ni Pi 2 3
23
nP
Vn
23
R
(6)
A A A
32
i
i
32
n P
(7)
23
32
ni Pi
23
(8)
S0
Solution
Case (a) : Lining on the side only
n1 0.025 and
Here for the bed
For the sides:
P1 5.0 m
Example 3
P P1 P2 5.0 3.966 8.966 m
5 0.025
n
3.966 0.012
8.966 2 3
0.085447
0.020
4.31585
Case b: Lining on the bottom only
P1 5.0 m n1 0.012
1.5
1.5 2 3
P2 3.966 m n2 0.025
P 8.966
Example 3
Equivalent roughness
5 0.012
1.5
3.966 0.025
8.966 2 3
0.079107
0.018
4.31585
1.5 2 3
Most Efficient
Sections
During the design stages of an open channel, the
channel cross-section, roughness and bottom slope
are given.
The objective is to determine the flow velocity, depth
and flow rate, given any one of them. The design of
channels involves selecting the channel shape and
bed slope to convey a given flow rate with a given
flow depth. For a given discharge, slope and
roughness, the designer aims to minimize the
cross-sectional area A in order to reduce
construction costs
A B D
P 2D B
A
P2D
D
dP
0
dD
dP
A BD
A
2 2 0 2 2 2
dD
D
D
D
B
D
2
B
2
D
Trapezoidal section
A(Bk D )D
or
dP
0
dD
A
kD
D
PB2 D 1k 2
A
kD ) 2 D 1k 2
D
dP
A
A
2 k 2 1k 2 0 2 1k 2 2 k
dD
D
D
P (
(BkD)D
B2k D
2 1k
k
2
D
D
2
B2kD
D 1k
2
2
OFD
dP
0
dk
1
3
60
Circular section
d 2 d 2
A
sin2
4
8
P 2 r d
154 D 0.95d
Maximum Flow using Chezy
151 D 0.94d
128.75 D 0.81d
Example 3
Circular open channel as shown d=1.68m, bed slope
= 1:5000, find the Max. flow rate & the Max. velocity
using Chezy equation, C=70.
Max. flow rate
154
V C Rh S
d2
d2
1.68 2
1.68 2
A
sin 2
154
P d 154
1.68 4.5 m
180
A 2.17
Rh
0.485m
P 4.5
1
V 70 0.485
0.69 m/s
5000
Q VA 0.69 2.17 1.496 m 3 / s
Max. Velocity
128.75
V C Rh S
d2
d2
1.68 2
1.68 2
A
sin 2
128.75
P d 128.75
1.68 3.378 m
180
A
1.93
Rh
0.57m
P 3.3775
1
V 70 0.57
0.748 m/s
5000
Example 4
Trapezoidal open channel as shown Q=10m3/s,
velocity =1.5m/s, for most economic section. find
wetted parameter, and the bed slope n=0.014.
D 1 k 2
B 2kD
2
B 2 3 D
2
D 1 3
2
2
0.6055 D B
2
Q 10
6.667 m 2
V 1.5
A B kD D
3
A (0.6055D D) D 6.667
2
D 1.78m
A
P B 2D 1 k 2
P 0.6055 D 2 D 1 k 2
P 0.6055(1.78) 2 1.78 1
A 6.667
0.89
P 7.49
2
1
V
0.89 3 S 1.5
0.014
S 1 : 1941.6
7.49m