Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
45
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell & Jane Reece
Secreted chemical
signals include:
Hormones
Local regulators
Neurotransmitters
Neurohormones
Pheromones
Blood
vessel
Response
Response
(b) Paracrine signaling
Response
(c) Autocrine signaling
Synapse
Neuron
Response
(d) Synaptic signaling
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
(e) Neuroendocrine signaling
Response
Classification of Hormones
Three major classes of molecules function as
hormones in vertebrates
Proteins and peptides
Amines derived from amino acids
Steroids
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
(female)
Testis
(male)
Table 45.1
Table 45.1
(cont.)
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
cells of the
hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior
pituitary
HORMONE
Figure 45.7
TARGET
Anterior
pituitary
ADH
Kidney tubules
Oxytocin
Mammary glands,
uterine muscles
Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus
Portal vessels
HORMONE
TARGET
Figure 45.8
FSH and LH
Testes or
ovaries
Pituitary hormones
(blue dots)
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH
Endorphin
Adrenal
cortex
Mammary
glands
Melanocytes
Pain receptors
in the brain
TSH
Thyroid
Growth hormone
Liver
Bones
Oxytocin
Induces uterine contractions and milk ejection
Nontropic Hormones
The nontropic hormones produced by the
anterior pituitary include
Prolactin stimulates lactation in mammals
But has diverse effects in different
vertebrates (e.g., delays amphibian
metamorphosis)
MSH influences skin pigmentation in some
vertebrates
And fat metabolism in mammals
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH) or Somatotropin
Promotes growth directly and has diverse
metabolic effects
Stimulates the production of growth factors by
other tissues
An excess of GH can cause gigantism, while a
lack of GH can cause dwarfism
Pituitary Giantism
with Acromegaly
Pituitary dwarfism
Thyroid Hormones
The thyroid gland
Consists of two lobes located on the ventral
surface of the trachea
Produces two iodine-containing hormones,
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid Hormones
Hyperthyroidism, excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
Can cause Graves disease in humans
Figure 45.10
Goiter (too
little iodine
in diet)
Fig. 45-20-2
Active
vitamin D
Stimulates Ca2+
uptake in kidneys
Increases
Ca2+ uptake
in intestines
PTH
Stimulates
Ca2+ release
from bones
Parathyroid gland
(behind thyroid)
STIMULUS:
Falling blood
Ca2+ level
Blood Ca2+
level rises.
Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glucagon
Insulin
Is produced by beta cells
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 45-12:
Maintenance of
glucose
homeostasis
by insulin and
glucagon
Body cells
take up more
glucose.
Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
rises.
Blood glucose
level declines.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
falls.
Blood glucose
level rises.
Glucagon
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, perhaps the best-known
endocrine disorder
Is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a
decreased response to insulin in target tissues
Is marked by elevated blood glucose levels
Types of Diabetes
Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent
diabetes)
Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune
system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas
These hormones
Are secreted in response to stress-activated
impulses from the nervous system
Mediate various fight-or-flight responses