CELL

ORGANELLES
By: AHALYA S PRASAD

GOLGI COMPLEX
The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is found in most
cells. It is another packaging organelle like the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It was named after Camillo
Golgi, an Italian biologist.

Functions of Golgi Complex

Secretion
Role in protein secretion
Synthesis and secretion of polysaccharides
Sulphation
Plasmamembrane formation
Plant cell wall formation
Lipid packaging and secretion
Acrosome formation
Lysosome formation
Neurosecretion
Pigment formation
Regulation of fluid balance
Vitellogenesis
Hormones

LYSOSOMES
An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a
membrane.

Functions Of Lysosomes
Extracellular digestion
Intracellular digestion
Hormone secretion
Fertilization
Devour foreign substances
Intracellular scavenging
Provide Nourishment

PEROXISOME
Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed organelles
that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic
reactions, including several aspects of energy
metabolism.

RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein
synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys
who connect one amino acid at a time and build long
chains. Ribosomes are special because they are found
in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Structure of Ribosomes

VACUOLES
Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are
found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger
in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety
of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even
store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected
from contamination.

Functions Of Vacuole
The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in
plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the
cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions
to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to
maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells
to provide structure and support for the growing
plant.

MICROFILAMENTS
Structure found in the cytoplasm Microfilaments
or actin filaments are the thinnest filaments of
the cytoskeleton, a of eukaryotic cells.

Functions of Microfilaments
Cytoplasmic streaming
Membrane proteins
Support
Change in form
Myofibrils
Microvilli
Movement of Microvilli
Membrane undulations
Pseudopodia
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Spindle Apparatus
Movement of cell components

MICROTUBULES
Microtubules (micro- + tube + -ule) are a
component of the cytoskeleton, found
throughout the cytoplasm. These tubular
polymers of tubulin can grow as long as 50
micrometres and are highly dynamic. The outer
diameter of a microtubule is about 24 nm while
the inner diameter is about 12 nm.

Functions of Microtubules
Structural Components
Intracellular transport
Orientation of Microfibrils
Shape
Nuclear movements
Movement of chromosomes
Cell plate
Pushing of food
Cell Plate
Cell polarity
Movements of cilia and flagella
Cell movements

CENTRIOLES AND BASAL BODIES

A centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a
specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules.
When two centrioles are found next to each other, they
are usually at right angles. The centrioles are found in
pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the
nucleus when it is time for cell division.

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

These whiplike appendages extend from the surface of many types of
eukaryotic cells.
If there are many of them, they are called cilia;
if only one, or a few, they are flagella. Flagella also tend to be longer than
cilia but are otherwise similar in construction.
Function
Cilia and flagella move liquid past the surface of the cell.
For single cells, such as sperm, this enables them to swim.
For cells anchored in a tissue, like the epithelial cells lining our air
passages, this moves liquid over the surface of the cell (e.g., driving
particle-laden mucus toward the throat).

CELL INCLUSIONS
Inclusions are considered to be nonliving
components of the cell that do not possess
metabolic activity and are not bounded by
membranes. The most common inclusions are
glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals and pigments.