Chapter 2: Blood circulation

HUMAN HEART

jantung

Lukis jantung 4 segi

Bahagi kepada 4 bahagian (atas lebih kecil)
Lukis 4 salur darah
Label 4 salur darah
Label atrium & ventrikel
Label salur darah dari mana nak ke mana
Label tekanan (tinggi atau rendah) pada salur darah
Lukis anak panah pergerakan darah (mula dari VC)
Label oxygenated & deoxygenated blood pada semua
salur darah
Label Triscupid valve, semilunar valve & bicuspid valve)

FUNCTION
The heart functions as strong muscular pump
to:
collect deoxygenated blood (lacking oxygen) from the
rest of the body. Then, this blood is pumped from the
heart to the lungs to enriched with oxygen.
Collect oxygenated blood (enriched with oxygen) from
the lungs. Then this blood is pumped out of the heart to
be transported throughout the body.

the heart also plays a role in the human

circulatory system to:
transport nutrients and oxygen to the body
transport excretory products such as carbon dioxide, urea and
water from the body cells to be removed from the body.

SIMPLE Human heart

A
PA
Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

VC
Right Ventricle

BLOOD CIRCULATION
1. Salur darah - VC-PA-A-PV
2. Artery-blood out of the heart, HP, lumen-small, vein blood into heart, LP, lumen-large
3. Valve tv, sv, sv, bv.
4. H L H pulmonary circulation
5. H-ALL-H systemic circulation

PV

MY HEART

Heart

Three types of valves.

bicuspid valve (or mitral valve) controls the one

way blood flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.
The tricuspid valve controls the one way blood
flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
The semilunar valve controls the one way blood
flow from the left ventricle to the aorta as well
as from the right ventricle to the pulmonary
artery.

Three types of valves

MY HEART

Blood Vessel
Artery
Arteries transport blood from the heart.
Arteries have thick, muscled wall which are elastic to withstand the high
blood pressure inside.
The aorta is the largest artery. Its transport blood out of the heart. The
aorta branches to form arteries.

Vein
veins transport blood into the heart.
Veins have thin walls, are less muscular and elastic.
The vena cava is the largest vein. It transports blood back to the heart.

blood capillary
capillaries connect arteries to veins.
A capillary is a very fine blood vessel. It has a permeable membrane
that is very thin, as it is only one cell thick. This facilitates the exchange
of gases, digested food and excretory products through its walls.

Blood vessel PMR 04, 05

Artery
Vein
Blood
Capillary

BLOOD VESSEL IN HUMAN

Blood vessel

Blood vessel

Blood
vessel

Blood circulation PMR 04, 06, 07

pulmonary circulation

pulmonary circulation consists of

blood vessels that transport blood
from the lungs to the heart and vice
versa.
The function of pulmonary circulation
is to ensure that blood with
insufficient oxygen receives a fresh
supply oxygen in the lung.
systemic circulation

systemic circulation consists of all

blood vessels involved in the
transport of blood from the heart to
all parts of the body, except the lungs
and back to the heart again.

PMR
2004

Kota Bharu /
Kota Lama

PMR
2004

Blood circulation

Blood circulation

Blood Circulation

BLOOD CIRCULATION
1. Salur darah - VC-PA-A-PV
2. Artery-blood out of the heart, HP,
lumen-small, vein blood into
heart, LP, lumen-large
3. Valve tv, sv, sv, bv.
4. H L H pulmonary circulation
5. H-ALL-H systemic circulation

Blood contents
blood plasma PMR 05
contains blood cells and dissolved substances such as
minerals salts, digested food and gases.
Plasma is the fluid component of blood which is light
yellow.

red blood cells

red blood cells have no nuclei.

- known as erythrocytes
white blood cells
- White blood cells have nuclei.
- known as leucocytes.
platelets (blood clotting cells)
platelets are small bits of cells in the blood that do not
have nuclei.
Known as thrombocytes.

The types, functions and places of production as well as

destruction of blood cells.
Type
estimated size
presence of
nucleus
Function
place of
production
place of
destruction
life span
number per cubic

red blood cell

8m

white blood cell

10 m

platelet
23m

no nucleus

have nucleus

no nucleus

transport oxygen
protects body
and carbon
from bacteria
dioxide
attack
short bone
bone marrow and
marrow such as
lymph node
rib and sternum
circulation of
liver and lymph
blood
a few days to
120 days
many months

helps clotting of
blood
bone marrow
circulation of
blood
10 days
about 250 thousand

Blood group
Compatibility of blood among blood donors and
recipients using ABO identification system PMR 06
The AB blood type is known as a
universal recipient.
The O blood type is known as a universal donor.

Blood group
AB

can donate blood

to
AB

can receive blood

from
AB, A, O, B

A , AB

A, O

B, AB

B, O

AB, A, B, O

Human blood groups

Transport system in plant PMR 08

Phloem and Xylem

Phloem outer food ( s r )
Xylem inner water & mineral ( r s )

A waxy white or colorless solid hydrocarbon

mixture used to make candles, wax paper,
lubricants, and sealing materials. Also called

PMR 2010

- The phloem tissues have been removed.

- The ring become swollen (upper part).
- GLUCOSE could not be transported downwards to
other parts of the plant.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Light
Humidity
Air movement
temperature

Test presence of water

Anhydrous copper sulphate (white blue)

Anhydrous Cobalt chloride paper

(Blue pink)

The effects of impurities on the physical characteristics

of water
i. Boil at a temperature above 100C
ii. freeze at a temperature below 0C

Wilting
When water enters the
cells of a plant, it exerts
pressure against the cell
wall.
The cell become swollen
or turgid and provide
support the plant.

When
a
plant
loses more water
than it absorbs,
the cells of the
plant lose their
turgidity
and
become soft or
flaccid. The flaccid cells are not
able to support the plant ad so it wilts.

Transpiration is a
process
in
which
water is lost in the
form of water. The
water
vapour
evaporates from the
leaves
of
plants
through stomata..

Transpiration

Transpiration
Water evaporates from leaves
through small openings on the
leaves. The small openings are
called stomata.
Small opening is enclosed by two
kidney-shaped guard cells.

Close its stomata on hot day

to reduce the loss of water
mportant: to remove excess water
by transpiration.

Transpiration

Transpirasi berlaku apabila stoma terbuka. 90% air tersejat (evaporates)

daripada tumbuhan melalui liang stoma. Gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida
masuk dan keluar melalui stoma.
Dipetik dari buku teks Sains Tingkatan 2 m/s 125 Tahun 2002

Factors Transpiration
The transpiration rate increase when the
temperature increases- more rapidly in the higher temperature
light intensity increases- more rapidly in the presence of light
wind speed increases- more rapidly in windy condition
humidity decreases- more rapidly in lower humidity
A photometer is an apparatus which is used to
measure the rate of transpiration in plants. (bubble
photometer and weight photometer) PMR 08

MOGA DAPAT `A STRONG DALAM

PKBS, TRIAL & PMR 2013
Selamat Berjaya 3 Al-Zahrawi 2013

Penutup
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr

2. Tasbih Kifarah.