Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
204 :
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Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry: Branch of Chemistry in which we study the compounds
of Carbon and Hydrogen and a few other elements like O,N,S,P &
Halogens.
Over 10 million organic compounds have been identified.
About 1000 new ones are discovered or synthesized and identified each day!
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Lewis Structures
Gilbert N. Lewis
Valence shell: The outermost electron shell of
an atom.
Valence electrons: Electrons in the valence
shell of an atom. These electrons are used in
forming chemical bonds.
Lewis structure of an atom
The symbol of the atom represents the nucleus and
all inner shell electrons.
Dots represent electrons in the valence shell of the
atom.
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Lewis Structures
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Electronegativity
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Electronegativity
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Electronegativity
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Ionic Bonds
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Covalent Bonds
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Lewis Structures
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Lewis Structures
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Resonance
A way to describe
molecules and ions for
which no single Lewis
structure provides a truly
accurate representation.
Here are three Lewis
structures for the
carbonate ion:
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Resonance
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Resonance
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Resonance
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Hybrid Orbitals
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Hybrid Orbitals
We study three types of hybrid atomic orbitals:
sp3 (one s orbital + three p orbitals give four sp3 hybrid
orbitals).
sp2 (one s orbital + two p orbitals give three sp2 hybrid
orbitals).
sp (one s orbital + one p orbital give two sp hybid
orbitals).
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sp Hybrid Orbitals
A single sp hybrid orbital has two lobes of unequal
size.
The two sp hybrid orbitals lie in a line at an angle of 180.
The two unhybridized 2p orbitals are perpendicular to each
other and to the line through the two sp hybrid orbitals.
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sp Hybrid Orbitals
Figure 1.22 Covalent bonding in acetylene. A
carbon-carbon triple bond consists of one sigma
() bond and two pi () bonds.
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Hybrid Orbitals
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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