Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
processing
Lecture 5a
RemoteSensingRaster(Matrix)DataFormat
RemoteSensingRaster(Matrix)DataFormat
each line of the data followed immediately by the next line in the same
spectral band. This format is optimal for spatial (X, Y) access of any
part of a single spectral band. Good for multispectral images
the first pixel for all bands in sequential order, followed by the second
pixel for all bands, followed by the third pixel for all bands, etc.,
interleaved up to the number of pixels. This format provides optimum
performance for spectral (Z) access of the image data. Good for
hyperspectral images
the first line of the first band followed by the first line of the second
band, followed by the first line of the third band, interleaved up to the
number of bands. Subsequent lines for each band are interleaved in
similar fashion. This format provides a compromise in performance
between spatial and spectral processing and is the recommended file
format for most ENVI processing tasks. Good for images with 20-60
bands
Band 2
Band 3
20 50
50
90
76 66
55
45 120
80 80
60
70 150
85 80
97 101 105
103 90
100 93
90
Band 4
85 150
77 135
70
70 120 133
200
10 15
17
20
21 20 50
50
90
15 16
18
21
23 76 66
55
17 18
20
22
22 80 80
60
70 150 85 80
18 20
22
24
25 100 93
10 15
17
20
21 15 16
18
21
23 17 18
20
22
20 50
50
90
90 76 66
55
45 120 80 80
60
70 150 100 93
97 101 105
85 150 85 80
70
77 135 103 90
70 120 133
70
22 18 20
210 250 250 190 245 156 166 155 415 220 180 180 160 170 200 200
22
24
25
15 50 150 250
17
50 100 250
20
90 120 190 21
15 76 176 156
16 66 166 166
18
55 155 155
21
45
17 80
18 80 80 180
20
60 70 160
22
70
20 93 90
22
97 70 123
BSQ
10 20 120 210
85 180
BIL
90 103 245
BIP
Value=image(c, r, b)
Value=image(b, c, r)
Value=image(c, b, r)
Pixel based
Object-oriented based
Image Quality
154
155
Cloud
155
160
162
MODIS
True
143
163
164
Clouds in ETM+
CPCA
Combined Principle
Component Analysis
Xie et al. 2004
Speckle Noise
and Removal
Blurred objects
and boundary
G-MAP
Gamma Maximum
A Posteriori Filter
nn
kk
BV
BV
ii11
ikik
nn
Cont
n
Min
Max
Variance
Standard deviation
Coefficient of
variation (CV)
Skewness
Kurtosis
Moment
vark
BV
i 1
ik
n 1
sk k vark
k
CV
k
Covariance
BVikik
BVilil
nn
SP
klkl
i
1
i
1
i 1
cov
BV
SP
cov
SPklkl
BVikikBV
BVilil i 1
klkl
nn
i
nn11
i 11
Correlation
Toestimatethedegreeofinterrelationbetweenvariablesinamannernot
Toestimatethedegreeofinterrelationbetweenvariablesinamannernot
influencedbymeasurementunits,thecorrelationcoefficient,is
influencedbymeasurementunits,thecorrelationcoefficient,is
commonlyused.Thecorrelationbetweentwobandsofremotelysensed
commonlyused.Thecorrelationbetweentwobandsofremotelysensed
data,r
data,rklkl,istheratiooftheircovariance(cov
,istheratiooftheircovariance(covklkl)totheproductoftheir
)totheproductoftheir
standarddeviations(s
standarddeviations(skkssl);thus:
l);thus:
cov
cov
klkl
rrklkl
sskkssll
IfIf we
we square
square the
the correlation
correlation coefficient
coefficient (r(rklkl),), we
we obtain
obtain the
the sample
sample coefficient
coefficient ofof
2
determination
2 which expresses the proportion of the total variation in the values of
determination(r(r),
), which expresses the proportion of the total variation in the values of
band
bandllthat
thatcan
canbe
beaccounted
accountedfor
foror
orexplained
explainedby
byaalinear
linearrelationship
relationshipwith
withthe
thevalues
values
of
ofthe
therandom
randomvariable
variableband
bandk.
k.Thus
Thusaacorrelation
correlationcoefficient
coefficient(r(rklkl))of
of0.70
0.70results
resultsininan
an
rr22value
valueof
of0.49,
0.49,meaning
meaningthat
that49%
49%of
ofthe
thetotal
totalvariation
variationof
ofthe
thevalues
valuesof
ofband
bandllininthe
the
sample
sampleisisaccounted
accountedfor
forby
byaalinear
linearrelationship
relationshipwith
withvalues
valuesof
ofband
bandk.
k.
Pixel
Band 1
(green)
Band 2
(red)
Band 3
(ni)
Band 4
(ni)
(1,1)
130
57
180
205
(1,2)
165
35
215
255
(1,3)
100
25
135
195
(1,4)
135
50
200
220
(1,5)
145
65
205
235
example
SP
SP1212
675
232
675
232
((31
,
860
)
31,860)
540
540 135
cov
cov1212
135
44
Band 1
(Band 1 x
Band 2)
Band 2
130
7,410
57
165
5,775
35
100
2,500
25
135
6,750
50
145
9,425
65
675
31,860
232
55
Band 1
Band 2
Band 3
Band 4
Mean (k)
135
46.40
187
222
Variance
(vark)
562.50
264.80
1007
570
(sk)
23.71
16.27
31.4
23.87
(mink)
100
25
135
195
(maxk)
165
215
255
80
60
65
65 Univariate statistics
40
Range (BVr)
135
Band 3 718.75
Band
1
1007.
50
Band 0.35
2
663.75
570
264.8
0
275.2
5
Band 4 537.50
64
Covariance
covariance
0.53
-
Band 0.95
3
coefficient
Band Correlation
0.94 0.16
0.87
4
Atmospheric correction
Various
VariousPaths
Pathsofof
Satellite
Received
Satellite ReceivedRadiance
Radiance
Absolute atmospheric
correction, and
Relative atmospheric
correction.
Scattering, Absorption
Refraction, Reflection
Total radiance L
Total radiance L
S
at the sensor
S
at the sensor
Remote
Remote
sensor
sensor
detector
detector
Solar
E
Solar
E0
irradiance
0
irradiance
Lp L T
Lp L T
90
90
T
T0
2
Diffuse sky
Diffuse sky
irradiance EEd
irradiance
d
T
Tv
1,3,5
1,3,5
v
v
0
0 LLI
I
60 miles
or
100km
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Absolute atmospheric
correction
a)Imagecontainingsubstantialhazepriortoatmosphericcorrection.b)Imageafter
a)Imagecontainingsubstantialhazepriortoatmosphericcorrection.b)Imageafter
atmosphericcorrectionusingATCOR(CourtesyLeicaGeosystemsandDLR,the
atmosphericcorrectionusingATCOR(CourtesyLeicaGeosystemsandDLR,the
GermanAerospaceCentre).
GermanAerospaceCentre).
relative radiometric
correction
Single-image normalization
using histogram adjustment
Topographic correction
Conceptions of geometric
correction
Root Mean Square Error (RMS): The RMS is the error term used to
determine the accuracy of the transformation from one system to another.
It is the difference between the desired output coordinate for a GCP and the
actual.
Intensity (or pixel value) interpolation (also called resampling): The process of
extrapolating data values to a new grid, and is the step in rectifying an image
that calculates pixel values for the rectified grid from the original data grid.
Image enhancement
image reduction,
image magnification,
transect extraction,
contrast adjustments (linear and non-linear),
band ratioing,
spatial filtering,
fourier transformations,
principle components analysis,
texture transformations, and
image sharpening
Purposes of image
classification
Land use and land cover (LULC)
Vegetation types
Geologic terrains
Mineral exploration
Alteration mapping
.
What is image
classification or
pattern recognition
Spectral classes are those that are inherent in the remote sensor
data and must be identified and then labeled by the analyst.
Unsupervised classification
For the first iteration arbitrary starting values (i.e., the cluster
properties) have to be selected. These initial values can influence the
outcome of the classification.
In general, both methods assign first arbitrary initial cluster values. The
second step classifies each pixel to the closest cluster. In the third step
the new cluster mean vectors are calculated based on all the pixels in
one cluster. The second and third steps are repeated until the "change"
between the iteration is small. The "change" can be defined in several
different ways, either by measuring the distances of the mean cluster
vector have changed from one iteration to another or by the percentage
of pixels that have changed between iterations.
The ISODATA algorithm has some further refinements by splitting and
merging of clusters. Clusters are merged if either the number of
members (pixel) in a cluster is less than a certain threshold or if the
centers of two clusters are closer than a certain threshold. Clusters are
split into two different clusters if the cluster standard deviation exceeds
a predefined value and the number of members (pixels) is twice the
threshold for the minimum number of members.
Supervised classification:
training sites selection
Selecting
ROIs
Alfalfa
Cotton
Grass
Fallow
Supervised classification
methods
Various supervised classification algorithms may be used to assign an unknown pixel to one of m
possible classes. The choice of a particular classifier or decision rule depends on the nature of the
input data and the desired output. Parametric classification algorithms assumes that the
observed measurement vectors Xc obtained for each class in each spectral band during the
training phase of the supervised classification are Gaussian; that is, they are normally distributed.
Nonparametric classification algorithms make no such assumption.
parallepiped,
minimum distance,
nearest-neighbor, and
maximum likelihood.
Binary Encoding
Matched Filtering
Supervised
classification
method:
Spectral Feature
Fitting
Source: http://popo.jpl.nasa
.gov/html/data.html
Accuracy assessment of
classification
saltandpepper
types
Majority/Minority Analysis
Clump Classes
Morphology Filters
Sieve Classes
Combine Classes
Classification to vector (GIS)
Change detection
Methods
Example: stages of
development
Sun
Sun City
City
Hilton
Hilton Head
Head
1994
1994
1996
1996
1974
1,040 urban
hectares
1994
3,263 urban
hectares
315%
increase