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ZTE

Basic knowledge of CDMA


MSC Based WLL
(BSNL)

Compiled by: M.Pandian, Divisional Engineer


CDOT Installation, Salem-1
E-Mail: cdotpandian@rediffmail.com

Advantages of CDMA

Frequency reuse
Large coverage
High spectrum capacity
High Privacy
Soft Handoff
Good Voice quality (using Voice Coding)
Perfect Power Control
Smooth migration to 3G
2

Advantages of CDMA
Frequency
Frequency
reusefactois
reusefactois
1;
1;
network
network
designand
designand
expanding
expanding
becomemuch
becomemuch
easier
easier

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS


1

30

30

2
3
7
1
6
4
5

1 Users
Vulnerability:
C/I 17 dB
10 kHz

Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

GSM
8

Users

200 kHz

Vulnerability:
C/I 12-14 dB

2
3

1
4

Typical Frequency Reuse N=4

CDMA

Vulnerability:
Eb/No 6--7 dB

20 Users
1250 kHz

1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1

1
1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

Advantages of CDMA
largecoverage
largecoverage
almost2timesthanGSM,savemoneyfor
almost2timesthanGSM,savemoneyfor
operator
operator
Example:cover
Example:cover1000
1000km
km22
GSM
GSMneed
need
200
200BTS
BTS
CDMA
CDMAonly
onlyneed
need
50
50BTS
BTS
Attention:
Attention:exact
exactresult
resultneed
need
Link
LinkBudget
Budget

Advantages of CDMA
Highspectrumcapacity:
Highspectrumcapacity:
810timesthanAMPS,
810timesthanAMPS,
46timesthanGSM
46timesthanGSM
FDMADifferentuserusedifferent
frequency

FDMA
Power
Tim
e

TACS AMPS
TDMADifferentuserusedifferent
timeslotofonefrequency

TDMA
Power

GSM DAMPS
CDMADifferentuserusesame
frequencyatthesametime,butwith
differentspreadingcode

e
Fr

cy
en
u
q

Tim
e

Fre

cy
en
u
q

CDMA
Power
Tim
e

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

Advantages of CDMA

Highprivacy,hardtowiretapping
Highprivacy,hardtowiretapping
Each user is below
the noise deeply

Spread signal
Information
signal

Demodulated
signal
TX

Spread code

RX

Spread code

Advantages of CDMA
Usesofthandoff,decreasedropcallrate
Usesofthandoff,decreasedropcallrate

CDMA:makebeforebreaksofthandoff
CDMA:makebeforebreaksofthandoff

Othersystems:makeafterbreakhardhandoff
Othersystems:makeafterbreakhardhandoff
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Advantages of CDMA
Goodvoicequality,use8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
Goodvoicequality,use8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
codingthebestcodingmethodintheworld.
codingthebestcodingmethodintheworld.
Voice quality
(MOS)

64k 13k
PCM GSM

8k
13k 8kEVR
CDMACDM C
A
CDMA
8

Advantages of CDMA
PerfectPowerControlandvoiceactivationmaketheMS
PerfectPowerControlandvoiceactivationmaketheMS
Powerlow,healthyforhumanbodygreenmobilephone.
Powerlow,healthyforhumanbodygreenmobilephone.

MeanPowerMaxPower
MeanPowerMaxPower
GSM:125mW2W
GSM:125mW2W
CDMA:2mW200mW
CDMA:2mW200mW

Advantages of CDMA
Smoothmigrationto3Gandtheoperators
Smoothmigrationto3Gandtheoperators
benefit
benefit
isprotectedatthemost
isprotectedatthemost
Technical
Scheme:

Economic
Scheme:

95A 95B
95B 1X
1X 1XEV
Softwareupdate Add1Xchannel
Add1XEV
channelboard
ReplaceMSto board
getnewservice Softwareupdate Softwareupdate
ReplaceMStoge ReplaceMSto
getnewservice
newservice

Almostfree

inexpensive

inexpensive

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ZTEs Activities in CDMA

In 1995, CDMA mobile telecommunication project was started

In November, 1999, ZTE signed the Agreement on CDMA R&D with Qualcomm

In August, 2000, the first field trial was set up.

In September, 2000, ZTE presented the first CDMA handset with UIM in the
world.

In January, 2001, the first cdma2000-1x call was passed through in lab

In March, 2001, ZTE cdma2000-1x realized the integrated transmission of voice,


data & image. The data rate reach up to 153.6Kbps.

The certificates acquired:

CDMA 800M ZXC10-MSC/VLR, HLR/AUC,BSC, BTS network access licenses


CDMA 800M/1.9G ZXC10-BTS type approval certificates

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ZTE - CDMA
PSTN/PLMN
MSC/VLR

HLR/AUC

Abis
BTS IS- E1

Um

SC

95

IS95

BSC IS95

Abis
BTS IS95

WIN

Um

Abis

IS2000

E1

E1
STM-1
2G/3G

IP

HA

BSC/ PCF (1X)

BTS 1X

OMC

Ethernet
Abis
BSC/ PCF (1X)

Ethernet

Internet

IP
PDSN/FA

E1
STM-1

BTS 1X

AAA

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ZXC10 MSC / VLR


ZXC10 MSC/VLR/SSP 1X stands for The
CDMA mobile switching center/visitor
location register product.
MSC is a functional entity that performs the
controlling and switching of mobile
subscribers within the area it serves, and it is
automatic switching equipment for the traffic
between MSCs or between MSC of CDMA
network and switches of other public
networks.
13

ZXC10 MSC / VLR


MSC performs the common signaling
function and billing function, and offers
network interfaces.
It performs the management of signaling
system, wireless resource and A interface
signaling between BSS and MSC.
It also sets up the calling route for the
called mobile subscribers if the function
of GMSC has been integrated.
14

ZXC10 MSC / VLR


VLR is a database and responsible for
the storage and updating of data of
mobile subscribers that roam to the
service area of this VLR.
The information includes user number,
property, and location identification and
service parameters.

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Technical specifications
MSC system capacity: 600,000
Max Number of subscribers: 600,000
(64K*64K)
Call Processing Capacity for Single Module:
500K BHCA
Max Call Processing Capacity: 5,000K BHCA
Max Traffic: 21,000Erl
Max Number of No.7 signaling links: 640 links
VLR System Capacity: 800,000
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Architecture of CDMA system


MSC

MS

PSTN

Um
BTS

E
Abis

BSC

BSS

MC

MS C/SSP
Q

MC

Ai

HLR

VLR

D
N

AUC

MSS

17

Architecture of CDMA system


MS:

Mobile Station

BSC:

Base Station Controller

BTS:

Base Transceiver Station

MSC:

Mobile Switching Center

VLR:

Visitor Location Register

HLR:

Home Location Register

AUC:

Authentication Center

OMC:

Operation and Maintenance Center

MC:

Message Center

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Other Terminologies used

PLMN:
Public Land Mobile Network
ESN:
Electronic Serial Number
MIN:
Mobile Station Identification Number
IMSI:
International Mobile Subscriber
Identification
MSIN: Mobile Station Identification Number
MCC:
Mobile Country Code
MNC:
Mobile Network Code
SID:
System Identification
NID:
Network Identification
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Architecture of CDMA system


Main components of CDMA
MSS (Mobile Switching Sub-system)
BSS (Base Station Sub-system)
MS (Mobile Station)
OMC (Operation and Maintenance
Center)

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Architecture of CDMA system


1. Base Station Sub-system
Function: It provides trunks between wireless
part and fixed part of PLMN network.
---BSC
BSC performs the controlling function and
management.
---BTS
BTS is in charge of wireless transmission.
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Architecture of CDMA system


2. Mobile Switching Sub-system
Function:

CDMA switching function


Manage mobile subscriber data
Manage database for mobile service
Interface between CDMA network and other
network (such as PSTN, other PLMN etc.).
It includes 4 function units:
---MSC

---VLR

---HLR

---AUC
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Architecture of CDMA system


1) Mobile Switching Center(MSC)
It is responsible for setting up, managing and clearing
connections as well as routing the calls to the proper
user.
It provides the network interfaces, the charging
function and the function of processing the signaling.
MSC get data for call handling from 3 databases:
VLR/HLR/AUC

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Architecture of CDMA system


2) Visitor Location Register(VLR)
VLR is a dynamic database used by MSC for information
index. It stores all related information of mobile
subscribers that enter its coverage area, which enables
MSC to set up incoming and outgoing calls.

Subscriber parameters include: subscriber number,


location area identity(LAI), users status, services which
subscriber can use and so on.

When the subscriber leaves this area, it should register


in another VLR, and the previous VLR will delete all the
data about this subscriber.

VLR can be built together with the MSC or set


separately

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Architecture of CDMA system


3) Home Location Register (HLR)
HLR: It is a static database. When a user apply for
mobile service, all data about this subscriber will be
stored in HLR.
Information:
----Subscriber information (ESN, MDN, IMSI, MIN),
service information and valid term.
----The mobile subscriber location (MSC/VLR address),
so as to set up the call route to the MS.
HLR can be built together with the MSC or set
separately.

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Architecture of CDMA system


4) Authentication Center

Conception:

It is an entity to prevent illegal


subscribers from accessing CDMA network. It can
generate the parameter to confirm the subscribers
identity. At the same time it can encrypt users data
according to users request.

Composition:
Database: save MIN,ESN, authentication key)
Generator of random number
Algorithm(CAVE algorithm)
AUC can be built separately or together with HLR
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Architecture of CDMA system


Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
OMC provides operation and maintenance services to
the network operator, manages the registered
subscriber information and conducts network planning
to enhance the overall working efficiency and service
quality of the system.
Based on the main maintenance functions, there are two
types of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S
and OMC-R. The OMC-S is mainly responsible for
maintenance of MSS while the OMC-R is mainly for
BSS.
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ZXC10 BSC

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ZXC10 BSC-FEATURES
Two layer high rate packet network structure based on ATM
technology
Circuit-supporting data service such as asynchronous data, G3
fax.
Supporting various types of voice conversion algorithm: QCELP
(IS-95), 13kbps Pure Voice (IS-733), EVRC (IS-127) and echo
cancellation.
Built-in PCF, which supports high rate packet data service
primarily based on mobile IP
Providing E1/STM-1, which supports A3 and A7 interfaces
defined by IOS4.0 and implements the interconnection of BSCs.
Providing E1/STM-1, which supports A1, A2 and A5 interfaces
defined by IOS4.0 and implements the interconnection of MSCs.
Providing Fast Ethernet/ATM., which supports A10 and A11
interfaces defined by IOS4.0 and implements the
interconnection of PDSNs.
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The basic performances of ZXC10 BSC


Each BSC owns a HIRS network providing 256 high rate
serial ports. Each serial port affords 10Mbps
transmission capacity.
Each BSC/PCF provides 240 E1 links with MSC maximum.
Each BSC/PCF provides 380 E1 inks with BTSs maximum.
Each BSC/PCF supports 7200-selectors/ vocoders
maximum.
Each BSC/PCF has the maximum traffic processing
capacity of 5040 Erl.
Each BSC/PCF processes 170,000 voice users maximum
(based on 0.03Erl/sub)
Each BSC/PCF can connect with 380 BTSs (single
carrier/single sector) maximum.
The BSC/PCF supports packet data services. Each
Supports 1260 active PPP connections and 24,000
dormant PPP connections.
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ZXC10 BTS

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The basic performances-BTS


RAKE receiving, diversity sending, and smart antenna
Softer handoff between sectors, soft handoff, and hard
handoff
Cell breathing, blossoming, wilting, and TPTL
High efficient wireless resource management
Hot standby for key components
Automatic and periodical performance test to ensure
reliability
All boards can be hot swapped, supporting on line
maintenance
Module function is relatively independent. Single rack of BTS
can accomplish 1,2,3 and 4 carriers, supporting Omni-, 2sector, 3-sector and 6-sector cell. Supporting capacity
expansion in stacking method
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The basic performances-BTS


Supporting 128 forward channels among which 55 channels
are traffic channels with data rate of 9.6kbps (Practically
40 x 3 = 120 traffic channels per 3sector BTS is
possible.)
All the channel units in a rack form a sharing pool
Providing optic fiber interface between base band digital
subsystem and radio frequency subsystem.
Base station supports indoor modules, outdoor modules and
remote RF modules in various packing styles
Supporting two types of clock systems: GPS and GLONASS
Simultaneously
Supporting voice services and mobile IP-based high rate
packet data services
Providing E1 or STM-1 links between BTS and BSC
according to the capacity of BTS
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BDS: Base band Digital Subsystem

CHM: Channel Processing Module


CCM: Communication Control Module
RFIM: RF Interface Module
SAM: Site alarm module
BTS_CDSU: BTS-side CDSU module

34

TFS:Timing Frequency Subsystem


GPSTM:GPS Timing Module
FDM: Frequency Distribution Module
TCM: Timing Control Module

35

RFS:RF Subsystem

TRX:
HPA:
RFE:
RFCM:
BTM:

RF Transceiver
High Power Amplifier
RF Front End
RF Control Module
Base station testing module

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CDMA Forward Traffic


Channels
CDMA Cell Site
Pilot
Forward Traffic Channel

Forward Traffic Channel

Sync

Forward Traffic Channel


Paging
Forward Traffic Channel

Used for the transmission of user and signaling


information to a specific mobile station during a call.
Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot
channel, one Sync channel, and 7 Paging channel.
This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55
traffic channels.
Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional
channels.
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Pilot Channel
Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition
Transmitted constantly by the base station
The same Short PN sequences are shared by all base stations
Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset
Provides tracking of:
Timing reference
Phase reference
Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse
within one CDMA channel frequency
Acquisition by mobile stations is enhanced by:
Short duration of Pilot PN sequence
Uncoded nature of pilot signal
Facilitates mobile station-assisted handoffs
Used to identify handoff candidates
Key factor in performing soft handoffs
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Sync Message Parameters


Message Type (MSG_TYPE) Identifies this message and
determines its structure (set to the fixed value of 00000001)
Protocol Revision Level (P_REV) Shall be set to 00000001
Minimum Protocol Revision Level (MIN_P_REV) 8-bit unsigned
integer identifying the minimum protocol revision level required to
operate on the system. Only mobile stations that support revision
numbers greater than or equal to this field can access the system.
System ID (SID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system
Network ID (NID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the
network within the system (defined by the owner of the SID)
Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) Set to the pilot PN
offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the
network planner
Long Code State (LC_STATE) Provides the mobile station with
the base station long code state at the time given by the
SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically
System Time (SYS_TIME) GPS system-wide time as 320 ms
after the end of the last superframe containing any part of this
message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated
dynamically
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Sync Channel Message (cont.)


Leap Seconds (LP_SEC) Number of leap seconds that have occurred
since the start of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours) as
given in the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically
Local Time Offset (LTM_OFF) Twos complement offset of local time
from system time in units of 30 minutes, generated dynamically
Current local = SYS_TIME LP_SEC + LTM_OFF
Daylight savings time indicator (DAYLT) Determined by the network
planner
1 if daylight savings in effect in this base station
0 otherwise
Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) The data rate of the paging channel
for this system, determined by the network planner
00 if 9600 bps
01 if 4800 bps
CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ)

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Paging Channels
Paging Channel
Used
Usedby
bythe
thebase
basestation
stationto
to
transmit
system
overhead
information
transmit system overhead information
and
andmobile
mobilestation-specific
station-specificmessages.
messages.

There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA


carrier
The Paging Channel uses Walsh function 1
Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps

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CDMA Reverse Traffic Channels


Reverse Traffic Channel

Used when a call is in progress to send:


Voice traffic from the subscriber
Response to commands/queries from the base station
Requests to the base station
Supports variable data rate operation for:
8 Kbps vocoder
Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps
13 Kbps vocoder
Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
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Access Channels
4800 bps

Used by the mobile station to:


Initiate communication with the base station
Respond to Paging Channel messages
Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps
Each Access Channel is associated with only one
Paging Channel
Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per
Paging Channel
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CDMA MS Call Processing


Power-Up
Power-Up

Initialization
Initialization
Mobile station
has fully acquired
system timing

Mobile station is in idle handoff


with NGHBR_CONFG equal to
011 or is unable to receive
Paging Channel Message
Mobile station ends use
of the Traffic Channel

Idle
Idle
Mobile station receives a Paging
Channel message requiring ACK
or response, originates a call, or
performs registration

Mobile station receives an ACK to


an Access Channel transmission
other than an Origination Message
or a Page Response Message

System
System
Access
Access
Mobile station is directed
to a Traffic Channel

Traffic
Traffic

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Field Problems
ZTE Instruments reading the Primary Channel
42 and 83 in the same instrument; example
felt at Namakkal and Attur.
Cell Demarcation: Subscriber of one SDCA
has to work in the BTS located in the other
SDCA with the dominated signal. Example at
Kandhampayam and Puduchathiram. This has
been experimented at Madurai MSC and to be
tried at Pondichery MSC also.

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Thanks for listening


Contact me at
9443200325
04272452266

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